tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-64083324362875166522024-03-26T23:37:54.501-07:00Power Electronics TalksPower Electronics, Power Factor Correction, Ferrites, Power Converters, Power Electronics Components, Power Electronics Applications, Standards and Testing, Product Review, Tools and CalculatorsAdminhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12743833901137477565noreply@blogger.comBlogger51125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6408332436287516652.post-28181921313455469922023-07-01T02:04:00.004-07:002023-09-09T00:50:50.954-07:00Electronics Companies<h1 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><b><span style="color: #ffa400;">List of Electronics Companies</span></b></span></h1><span style="font-family: georgia;"><div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia;">Here is the list of some well-known electronics companies in alphabetical order.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia;">These electronics companies are present worldwide and </span>are business organizations that deals with the design, development, manufacturing, and supply of electronic components, devices, and related technologies.</div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhztTfUN9bvkzjvmWFRDGMuzyAD6oNSmg0ua_JPodYhnfLPPBXE-9q8JeRalTAn1-fK6bFWFihkRpE04fI8QoD7wCfnWpjMpso10Euv3-3pVWPxsjMxkKkFnTz4EyEhakexJCr4KdT39ir7RahoMmcpXNfkRUf3wBVkqKhyWMeCe0DILEsbnacgpLv47-Pu/s1836/Electronics%20Companies.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Electronics Companies" border="0" data-original-height="1836" data-original-width="1520" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhztTfUN9bvkzjvmWFRDGMuzyAD6oNSmg0ua_JPodYhnfLPPBXE-9q8JeRalTAn1-fK6bFWFihkRpE04fI8QoD7wCfnWpjMpso10Euv3-3pVWPxsjMxkKkFnTz4EyEhakexJCr4KdT39ir7RahoMmcpXNfkRUf3wBVkqKhyWMeCe0DILEsbnacgpLv47-Pu/w331-h400/Electronics%20Companies.jpg" title="List of Electronics Companies" width="331" /></a></div><br /><br /><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="color: #ffa400; font-family: georgia;"><b>Apple Inc.</b></span></li></ul> <b><div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRhbgF-1-dZ5Br7NtiROZqkVOHh6VWlkMeg9RiHou2p2w-BJdgXIl_erG4h0w8GwO1Ax_qojRuTs9nJ-rZTbmwpiUX8V9fZVZXsPzGF-SCbkk8ldWjQmbefbMh2JQSWz-wa9J0y5nk51W_miNxiL204L-zs1ATExFXjEzxd6x5ZUptKlkaB-ehdxXSGdbB/s1474/Apple%20Inc.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Electronics Companies" border="0" data-original-height="1474" data-original-width="1200" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRhbgF-1-dZ5Br7NtiROZqkVOHh6VWlkMeg9RiHou2p2w-BJdgXIl_erG4h0w8GwO1Ax_qojRuTs9nJ-rZTbmwpiUX8V9fZVZXsPzGF-SCbkk8ldWjQmbefbMh2JQSWz-wa9J0y5nk51W_miNxiL204L-zs1ATExFXjEzxd6x5ZUptKlkaB-ehdxXSGdbB/w163-h200/Apple%20Inc.png" title="Apple Inc." width="163" /></a></div><br /></span></div>Products :</b> Known for its iPhones, iPads, Mac computers, Apple Watches, and other consumer electronics.<br /><br /><b>Website </b>: <a href="http://www.apple.com">www.apple.com</a></span><div><span style="font-family: georgia;"> <br /><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="color: #ffa400; font-family: georgia;"><b>Dell Technologies Inc.</b></span></li></ul></span></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjluXullAl4mUMO4-yvvnjSqnYBNGTZgVQOnDoCetW5pCz9S1jXCaH0_-yX5KVHg3SXsQHK9OhLhT7VsPnzxBYGc25O3n3YXwrfeUoNAFSHVlZsK6wTK1IWxj37Pi3R7jmSxI9UpmCNQ6B3G8wpHnP3PFuW59q9I6-ZGNh13RQPuiuoJgU7wjQT72UkWYjK/s4230/Dell%20Technologies.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Electronics Companies" border="0" data-original-height="543" data-original-width="4230" height="51" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjluXullAl4mUMO4-yvvnjSqnYBNGTZgVQOnDoCetW5pCz9S1jXCaH0_-yX5KVHg3SXsQHK9OhLhT7VsPnzxBYGc25O3n3YXwrfeUoNAFSHVlZsK6wTK1IWxj37Pi3R7jmSxI9UpmCNQ6B3G8wpHnP3PFuW59q9I6-ZGNh13RQPuiuoJgU7wjQT72UkWYjK/w400-h51/Dell%20Technologies.jpg" title="Dell Technologies" width="400" /></a></div><br /></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><b>Products </b>: A multinational computer technology company that designs, develops, and sells personal computers, servers, data storage devices, network switches, and software.<br /><br /><b>Website : </b><a href="http://www.dell.com">www.dell.com</a><br /><br /><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="color: #ffa400; font-family: georgia;"><b>Hewlett Packard Enterprise</b></span></li></ul></span></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwzf8tMuDqVwMyie7p-itevs0M8fW61byC7Epz8Ztp6hMvVQIwdJyyqjqtul3COuMd_MHtUiBMiUlpBiTXUviGhpPjDCjo9PK13uk4aHrScDp2TTeDoDz1Mxd-_psz9Eey4pjF8p79T4qzCK5KL4t9HEbS12OZX-9WynhV8_U2e0e8qGd04JXa3owcHHqS/s2560/Hewlett%20Packard%20Enterprise.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Electronics Companies" border="0" data-original-height="1072" data-original-width="2560" height="134" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwzf8tMuDqVwMyie7p-itevs0M8fW61byC7Epz8Ztp6hMvVQIwdJyyqjqtul3COuMd_MHtUiBMiUlpBiTXUviGhpPjDCjo9PK13uk4aHrScDp2TTeDoDz1Mxd-_psz9Eey4pjF8p79T4qzCK5KL4t9HEbS12OZX-9WynhV8_U2e0e8qGd04JXa3owcHHqS/w320-h134/Hewlett%20Packard%20Enterprise.png" title="Hewlett Packard Enterprise" width="320" /></a></div></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><b>Products :</b> A company focused on enterprise solutions, including servers, storage systems, networking equipment, and software.<br /><br /><b>Website: </b><a href="http://www.hp.com">www.hp.com</a><br /><br /><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="color: #ffa400; font-family: georgia;"><b>IBM (International Business Machines) Corporation</b></span></li></ul></span></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYhkTssNafSBiyIOac2iBSzbZer1DnYAJHM1BsQ-MneUx8uInfQyFvV6SiIPGS3H4Wx0uBroQAE1UCBu4_sMid6FZ7Ka7c-6w5V-PvF-RvN2Iyuojfdtr7JhkjZ_0Ty-DHEO6KU0Zgr4noBWru6fsoHOYZm3QTjUv-64gQ7KcMLHc-9KkdYM39R5HW3Moh/s1783/IBM.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Electronics Companies" border="0" data-original-height="1265" data-original-width="1783" height="142" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYhkTssNafSBiyIOac2iBSzbZer1DnYAJHM1BsQ-MneUx8uInfQyFvV6SiIPGS3H4Wx0uBroQAE1UCBu4_sMid6FZ7Ka7c-6w5V-PvF-RvN2Iyuojfdtr7JhkjZ_0Ty-DHEO6KU0Zgr4noBWru6fsoHOYZm3QTjUv-64gQ7KcMLHc-9KkdYM39R5HW3Moh/w200-h142/IBM.jpg" title="IBM" width="200" /></a></div><br /></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><b>Products :</b> An American multinational technology company that offers various hardware and software solutions, including mainframe computers, servers, and enterprise software.<br /><br /><b>Website :</b> <a href="http://www.ibm.com">www.ibm.com</a><br /><br /><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="color: #ffa400; font-family: georgia;"><b>Intel Corporation</b></span></li></ul></span></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhs4XmLtagUeRLiyXBBqqWooo-cvS2zFjKk19UCqR_p2k8CWJK78nDmkjne8cuoN60EssDXPOxK0LUK6vcMQfe63Ez1dturxD4W-t04uVL1M3O8Uv4YKZ6OR7tcANd9-9NijM8_fzCsESP5wMhpC0zf5oNzvn1uNg1FkFUGuXtD3BMOUhMsbXku7hSWUVi2/s586/Intel.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Electronics Companies" border="0" data-original-height="387" data-original-width="586" height="132" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhs4XmLtagUeRLiyXBBqqWooo-cvS2zFjKk19UCqR_p2k8CWJK78nDmkjne8cuoN60EssDXPOxK0LUK6vcMQfe63Ez1dturxD4W-t04uVL1M3O8Uv4YKZ6OR7tcANd9-9NijM8_fzCsESP5wMhpC0zf5oNzvn1uNg1FkFUGuXtD3BMOUhMsbXku7hSWUVi2/w200-h132/Intel.png" title="intel" width="200" /></a></div><br /></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><b>Products :</b> An American multinational technology company that specializes in designing and manufacturing computer processors, motherboard chip-sets, and other related components.<br /><br /><b>Website : </b><a href="http://www.intel.com">www.intel.com</a><br /><br /><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="color: #ffa400; font-family: georgia;"><b>LG Electronics Inc.</b></span></li></ul></span></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiL8ANVsF7R0G9gkuJu-xxRezc4x1TsOmLZunPZFYGBIrQqWWiRivyDA2aWp57ua7MD3omvcSJQudYhXG6Jut35pnDud5BP7ENoQz8YzqqHG4qRQxdbx2e-SvghpNKBIPkAKqOahB-DRBb0jwjIoheYxJFqB4IS-T4WoihrCce7clwvtWf2bWxQbzPngMvX/s600/LG%20Electronics.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Electronics Companies" border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="600" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiL8ANVsF7R0G9gkuJu-xxRezc4x1TsOmLZunPZFYGBIrQqWWiRivyDA2aWp57ua7MD3omvcSJQudYhXG6Jut35pnDud5BP7ENoQz8YzqqHG4qRQxdbx2e-SvghpNKBIPkAKqOahB-DRBb0jwjIoheYxJFqB4IS-T4WoihrCce7clwvtWf2bWxQbzPngMvX/w200-h200/LG%20Electronics.jpg" title="LG Electronics Inc." width="200" /></a></div><br /></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><b>Products :</b> Another South Korean company offering a variety of products such as televisions, home appliances, smartphones, and audio equipment.<br /><br /><b>Website :</b> <a href="http://www.lg.com">www.lg.com</a><br /><br /><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="color: #ffa400; font-family: georgia;"><b>Microsoft Corporation</b></span></li></ul></span></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjplJuxucjpsmiZlKfExDGJq0w3I481HFtCsoyeRoXvFJpvvyoSjdmfBup0Wf5MiysVNvi-N8BnLbeFWVUIq0a0KCnfgEfVWKx_NRZtwmFD6oW4xK9lYQotyO-U58NlvHA1j_Ve6aVF1z5dRVvv3w3dwVwFU5eL1l5v3E4VbtgwdLNvw4BdXZSG3A1ETCuW/s6829/Microsoft.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Electronics Companies" border="0" data-original-height="3000" data-original-width="6829" height="141" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjplJuxucjpsmiZlKfExDGJq0w3I481HFtCsoyeRoXvFJpvvyoSjdmfBup0Wf5MiysVNvi-N8BnLbeFWVUIq0a0KCnfgEfVWKx_NRZtwmFD6oW4xK9lYQotyO-U58NlvHA1j_Ve6aVF1z5dRVvv3w3dwVwFU5eL1l5v3E4VbtgwdLNvw4BdXZSG3A1ETCuW/w320-h141/Microsoft.jpg" title="Microsoft" width="320" /></a></div><br /></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><b>Products :</b> Known for its software products, Microsoft also manufactures devices such as the Xbox gaming consoles, Surface tablets, and accessories.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /><b>Website :</b> <a href="http://www.microsoft.com">www.microsoft.com</a><br /><br /><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="color: #ffa400; font-family: georgia;"><b>NVIDIA Corporation</b></span></li></ul></span></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggti1sxEBtICpXGZCWhulMxOdfOeAiqZlCExCGkp13HRxcEkAw7u0wkfSvSGWTl3YQ17yctLuMhpv3IG-fgCH0UwhygdIcg4aN4ocLAskVREXRPulovKHKjYmpkw8HM6_uTgZENF5PhsT4sn-Bhrka4AHzHmWpCjV-XLThQy1_6K1ZZtdudLJwqOlSvbC7/s924/Nvidia.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Electronics Companies" border="0" data-original-height="520" data-original-width="924" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggti1sxEBtICpXGZCWhulMxOdfOeAiqZlCExCGkp13HRxcEkAw7u0wkfSvSGWTl3YQ17yctLuMhpv3IG-fgCH0UwhygdIcg4aN4ocLAskVREXRPulovKHKjYmpkw8HM6_uTgZENF5PhsT4sn-Bhrka4AHzHmWpCjV-XLThQy1_6K1ZZtdudLJwqOlSvbC7/w320-h180/Nvidia.png" title="NVIDIA Corporation" width="320" /></a></div><br /></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><b>Products :</b> A company recognized for its graphics processing units (GPU's) used in gaming, artificial intelligence, and data processing applications.<br /><br /><b>Website :</b> <a href="http://www.nvidia.com">www.nvidia.com</a><br /><br /><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="color: #ffa400; font-family: georgia;"><b>Panasonic Corporation</b></span></li></ul></span></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrCIC3TQpA19bzBkMiMvQ-ojrKvdv-ruOpgt1k8M1FMqy2xr_10xnRercc_Tuz4uED6gaDo7Ofay3TWiq1Y2Q4t2c9FIY8zOw54XaOvGS480p4kgasFP1PuWzd4svcnQhgqTL0R408ks713ilfZpTlisUQxn5zRDjy4Et-IiEco2s4gfBq4fjtzhY0dyLj/s1024/Panasonic.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Electronics Companies" border="0" data-original-height="154" data-original-width="1024" height="48" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrCIC3TQpA19bzBkMiMvQ-ojrKvdv-ruOpgt1k8M1FMqy2xr_10xnRercc_Tuz4uED6gaDo7Ofay3TWiq1Y2Q4t2c9FIY8zOw54XaOvGS480p4kgasFP1PuWzd4svcnQhgqTL0R408ks713ilfZpTlisUQxn5zRDjy4Et-IiEco2s4gfBq4fjtzhY0dyLj/w320-h48/Panasonic.jpg" title="Panasonic Corporation" width="320" /></a></div><br /></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><b>Products :</b> A Japanese multinational corporation that manufactures electronics, including televisions, home appliances, automotive components, and industrial equipment.<br /><br /><b>Website :</b> <a href="http://www.panasonic.com">www.panasonic.com</a><br /><br /><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="color: #ffa400; font-family: georgia;"><b>Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.</b></span></li></ul></span></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXqd8_Cd8THzPlxAzLPCASWQR4ZpIJQxNA8TvfCmTC-XzgBGhpVMFVxoG_6LQ4x5XtEd2iuCiY8JDwnEiNoETt1XvIChpFnXZ5mB20557VGjCFdhClK_M8PTsNSAC7kyy3CVKWwioqkMPvwjxOptkOap9utMGCw0E4FtFxCCHM3wtXq43_IkTOnM7B1DfO/s1280/Samsung%20Electronics.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Electronics Companies" border="0" data-original-height="339" data-original-width="1280" height="85" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXqd8_Cd8THzPlxAzLPCASWQR4ZpIJQxNA8TvfCmTC-XzgBGhpVMFVxoG_6LQ4x5XtEd2iuCiY8JDwnEiNoETt1XvIChpFnXZ5mB20557VGjCFdhClK_M8PTsNSAC7kyy3CVKWwioqkMPvwjxOptkOap9utMGCw0E4FtFxCCHM3wtXq43_IkTOnM7B1DfO/w320-h85/Samsung%20Electronics.png" title="Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd." width="320" /></a></div><br /></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><b>Products :</b> A South Korean company that produces smartphones, televisions, home appliances, memory chips, and other electronic devices.<br /><br /><b>Website :</b> <a href="http://www.samsung.com">www.samsung.com</a><br /><br /><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="color: #ffa400; font-family: georgia;"><b>Sony Corporation</b></span></li></ul></span></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmIgC_yhNE0ZTZ8C9AH6Sra23cBw3BK8nXZ12i0KiNB38NmNmmAOJQdt1D_7Lz5MmQ_LjZx5kIi2GmN-4VVIMPmy03h_6vMwN01PnU9SFY4tMfU91p6O9DuK2mXE8NW_3MJva_hnqlSIhWzjonv0bBKo4L6V_V4XvlaDcFvvbXd0KnDJVFEHhyFXSOv9Al/s1200/Sony.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Electronics Companies" border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1200" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmIgC_yhNE0ZTZ8C9AH6Sra23cBw3BK8nXZ12i0KiNB38NmNmmAOJQdt1D_7Lz5MmQ_LjZx5kIi2GmN-4VVIMPmy03h_6vMwN01PnU9SFY4tMfU91p6O9DuK2mXE8NW_3MJva_hnqlSIhWzjonv0bBKo4L6V_V4XvlaDcFvvbXd0KnDJVFEHhyFXSOv9Al/w200-h200/Sony.jpg" title="SONY" width="200" /></a></div><br /></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><b>Products </b>: A Japanese company renowned for its PlayStation gaming consoles, televisions, audio equipment, cameras, and other consumer electronics.<br /><br /><b>Website :</b> <a href="http://www.sony.net">www.sony.net</a><br /><br /><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="color: #ffa400; font-family: georgia;"><b>Toshiba Corporation</b></span></li></ul></span></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiw5dAPvkj_9TlJoXFXODpjSY4Vp_CGvJqCHLfQ2OoptVBptVP6y8dkrhCLgUJEL397VmCUZuiNobut7X_tCj82FLkgcFhyG62uDGEy8cUdudYdvanUXxxvIvxfmXxDEWMvgZk2Vbc6tuQJiFk3630ZFHUL0cXTpdK4X-nIRX0CfZcUWBarSc5fqPZaHUEa/s200/Toshiba.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Electronics Companies" border="0" data-original-height="200" data-original-width="200" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiw5dAPvkj_9TlJoXFXODpjSY4Vp_CGvJqCHLfQ2OoptVBptVP6y8dkrhCLgUJEL397VmCUZuiNobut7X_tCj82FLkgcFhyG62uDGEy8cUdudYdvanUXxxvIvxfmXxDEWMvgZk2Vbc6tuQJiFk3630ZFHUL0cXTpdK4X-nIRX0CfZcUWBarSc5fqPZaHUEa/w200-h200/Toshiba.jpg" title="Toshiba Corporation" width="200" /></a></div><br /></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><b>Products :</b> A Japanese conglomerate known for its wide range of products, including laptops, hard drives, televisions, and semiconductors.<br /><br /><b>Website :</b> <a href="http://www.toshiba.com">www.toshiba.com</a><br /><br /><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia;">These are just a few examples of notable electronics companies, and the industry is widely spread, with many other established and emerging players.<br /><br /></span><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><b><span style="color: #ffa400;">Conclusion</span></b></span></h3><span style="font-family: georgia;">Electronics companies play a crucial role in the development and production of a wide range of electronic devices, components, and technologies. They design, manufacture, and distribute consumer electronics, semiconductors, electronic components, telecommunications equipment, computer hardware, and more. These companies cater to various sectors, including consumer electronics, industrial applications, telecommunications, and computer systems.<br /><br /><i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Image Courtesy : All the used images are from the website of respective companies mentioned in this article.</span></i></span><br /> </div><div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><i><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></i></span></div>Adminhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12743833901137477565noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6408332436287516652.post-56670879619780818472023-04-07T12:37:00.003-07:002023-04-15T01:18:03.926-07:00Power Electronics Engineer<div style="text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIU9TWN6c0gpy1nnhr5eN1VPqCji-CpXSrt2ABEAKmFg5DCz6tGfD5Wf7l_-Gsv9yNja-45Gtsl9QbAtLVRcnBgzbHoQd1k9LY5zjNqZmBvqyadlLB8WgqmAUt7dOPgp8STzpQsVDYVgWi2QFdyAh1dR3709IkRtsk7fcxqsItXwIfo0YNcQabX-CJuA/s4496/Power%20Electronics%20Engineer.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Power Electronics Engineer" border="0" data-original-height="4056" data-original-width="4496" height="361" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIU9TWN6c0gpy1nnhr5eN1VPqCji-CpXSrt2ABEAKmFg5DCz6tGfD5Wf7l_-Gsv9yNja-45Gtsl9QbAtLVRcnBgzbHoQd1k9LY5zjNqZmBvqyadlLB8WgqmAUt7dOPgp8STzpQsVDYVgWi2QFdyAh1dR3709IkRtsk7fcxqsItXwIfo0YNcQabX-CJuA/w400-h361/Power%20Electronics%20Engineer.jpg" title="Power Electronics Engineer" width="400" /></a></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div></div><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #ffa400; font-family: georgia;">What does a Power Electronics Engineer do?</span></h2><span style="font-family: georgia;">A Power Electronics Engineer is responsible for designing, developing, and testing electrical systems and devices that convert and control electrical energy.</span><div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia;">They work with various components such as diodes, transistors, capacitors, and inductors to create efficient systems that transfer power from one electrical source to another or convert it from one form to another.<br /><br />Some of the key responsibilities of a Power Electronics Engineer include:<br /><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: georgia;"><b>Designing power electronic systems:</b> They design and develop power electronic systems that are used in various applications such as renewable energy systems, consumer electronics, and electric vehicles.</span></li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: georgia;"><b>Developing circuit designs:</b> They create circuit designs that can handle high voltage and current levels, while ensuring efficient power transfer and minimal power loss.</span></li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: georgia;"><b>Testing and validation:</b> They perform testing and validation of the power electronic systems to ensure they meet the required specifications, standards, and safety requirements.</span></li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: georgia;"><b>Troubleshooting:</b> They identify and troubleshoot any issues that arise during the testing and validation process, and provide solutions to ensure that the system performs as intended.</span></li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: georgia;"><b>Research and development:</b> They stay up-to-date with the latest technological advancements in the field of power electronics, and conduct research to develop new technologies that can improve the efficiency and performance of power electronic systems.</span></li></ul>A Power Electronics Engineer plays a critical role in ensuring that the power electronic systems are designed, developed, and tested to meet the required specifications, safety standards, and performance requirements.<br /><br /></span><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #ffa400; font-family: georgia;"><b>How to become a Power Electronics Engineer?</b></span></h2><span style="font-family: georgia;">To become a Power Electronics Engineer, you typically need to follow these steps:<br /><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: georgia;"><b>Obtain a bachelor's degree:</b> You need to obtain a bachelor's degree in electrical engineering, with a focus on power electronics. This will provide you with the foundational knowledge of electrical systems, power electronics, and circuit design.</span></li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: georgia;"><b>Gain practical experience:</b> You can gain practical experience by completing internships, co-op programs, or working on projects related to power electronics. This will help you to develop your skills and gain hands-on experience in the field.</span></li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: georgia;"><b>Develop relevant skills:</b> You need to develop relevant skills such as circuit design, programming, and testing. You also need to have a deep understanding of electrical power systems and energy conversion technologies.</span></li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: georgia;"><b>Consider advanced education:</b> You may consider pursuing advanced education, such as a master's or doctoral degree in power electronics, to gain further knowledge and expertise in the field.</span></li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: georgia;"><b>Get certified:</b> You can obtain certification from professional organizations such as the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) or the Power Electronics Society (PELS). This demonstrates your expertise and knowledge in power electronics.</span></li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: georgia;"><b>Stay up-to-date:</b> You need to stay up-to-date with the latest technological advancements in the field of power electronics by attending conferences, workshops, and other industry events.</span></li></ul>Becoming a Power Electronics Engineer requires a combination of education, practical experience, and ongoing professional development. It's important to have a strong foundation in electrical engineering and develop relevant skills and knowledge to succeed in this field.<br /><br /></span><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #ffa400; font-family: georgia;"><b>Educational Background for Power Electronics Engineer</b></span></h2><span style="font-family: georgia;">To become a Power Electronics Engineer, you typically need to have a strong educational background in electrical engineering with a focus on power electronics.</span><div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia;">Here are the typical educational requirements for a career in this field:<br /><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: georgia;"><b>Bachelor's degree</b>: You need to obtain a bachelor's degree in electrical engineering. Your coursework should cover topics such as circuit analysis, electronics, signals and systems, electromagnetics, and power systems. Some universities offer specific courses in power electronics, which can be helpful in preparing you for a career in this field.</span></li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: georgia;"><b>Master's degree:</b> While not always necessary, a master's degree in power electronics can be beneficial for advanced positions and may lead to higher salaries. A master's degree can provide you with additional knowledge and experience in power electronics design, simulation, and testing.</span></li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: georgia;"><b>PhD</b>: A PhD is not always necessary, but may be required for research and development positions or for teaching at the university level. A PhD program in power electronics would focus on advanced research in areas such as power electronics design, control, and optimization.</span></li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: georgia;">In addition to formal education, gaining practical experience through internships or co-op programs can be beneficial. It's also important to stay up-to-date with the latest technological advancements in the field of power electronics through ongoing professional development and continuing education.</span></li></ul></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><div><br /></div><h2 style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="color: #ffa400;">Power Electronics Engineer Skills</span></b></h2></span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia;">To be a successful Power Electronics Engineer, you need to have a combination of technical and soft skills. Key skills to be consider are:</span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /><b>Technical skills:</b><br /><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: georgia;"><b>Circuit design:</b> You need to have a strong understanding of circuit design and be able to create efficient and reliable power electronic systems.</span></li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: georgia;"><b>Control theory:</b> You need to understand control theory and be able to apply it to power electronic systems to ensure proper system performance.</span></li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: georgia;"><b>Simulation and analysis tools:</b> You need to be familiar with simulation and analysis tools such as MATLAB, PSpice, and Simulink to test and validate power electronic systems.</span></li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: georgia;"><b>Programming:</b> You need to be proficient in programming languages such as C and C++ to develop firmware and software for power electronic systems.</span></li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: georgia;"><b>Power electronics components:</b> You need to have knowledge of power electronic components such as diodes, transistors, capacitors, and inductors, and how they function in power electronic systems.</span></li></ul><div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div><b>Soft skills:</b><br /><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: georgia;"><b>Problem-solving:</b> You need to be able to identify and solve complex problems related to power electronic systems.</span></li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: georgia;"><b>Communication:</b> You need to have excellent communication skills to collaborate with other engineers and effectively convey complex technical information to non-technical stakeholders.</span></li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: georgia;"><b>Attention to detail:</b> You need to have a keen eye for detail to ensure that power electronic systems meet required specifications and safety standards.</span></li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: georgia;"><b>Time management:</b> You need to be able to manage your time effectively to meet project deadlines and deliverables.</span></li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: georgia;"><b>Continuous learning:</b> You need to have a passion for learning and be able to keep up-to-date with the latest technological advancements in the field of power electronics.</span></li></ul>Being a successful Power Electronics Engineer requires a combination of technical expertise, problem-solving skills, and excellent communication abilities.<br /> <br /></span><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #ffa400; font-family: georgia;"><b>Roles and job titles for Power Electronics Engineer</b></span></h2><span style="font-family: georgia;">There are several roles and job titles for Power Electronics Engineers depending on their level of experience and the specific industry they work in.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia;">Here are some of the most common roles and job titles for Power Electronics Engineers:<br /><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: georgia;"><b>Power Electronics Engineer:</b> This is the most common job title for professionals in this field. Power Electronics Engineers design, test, and maintain power electronic systems for various applications.</span></li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: georgia;"><b>Electrical Engineer - Power Electronics:</b> Electrical Engineers with a specialization in power electronics design and maintain power systems and components.</span></li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: georgia;"><b>Hardware Engineer - Power Electronics:</b> Hardware Engineers design and test electronic circuits and components for power electronic systems.</span></li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: georgia;"><b>Controls Engineer - Power Electronics:</b> Controls Engineers specialize in the design and implementation of control systems for power electronic systems.</span></li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: georgia;"><b>Research and Development Engineer - Power Electronics:</b> Research and Development Engineers work on developing new technologies and systems related to power electronics.</span></li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: georgia;"><b>Application Engineer - Power Electronics:</b> Application Engineers provide technical support to customers and help them integrate power electronic systems into their applications.</span></li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: georgia;"><b>Test Engineer - Power Electronics:</b> Test Engineers design and execute tests to ensure that power electronic systems meet performance specifications and safety standards.</span></li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: georgia;"><b>Project Manager - Power Electronics:</b> Project Managers oversee the design, development, and implementation of power electronic systems and manage the project team.</span></li></ul>Power Electronics Engineers can work in various industries, including automotive, aerospace, renewable energy, and telecommunications, among others. The specific job title and role will depend on the industry, company size, and level of experience.<br /> <br /></span><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #ffa400; font-family: georgia;"><b>Power Electronics Engineer Salary</b></span></h2><span style="font-family: georgia;">The salary of a Power Electronics Engineer can vary depending on various factors, such as education, experience, location, and industry.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia;">According to data from Pay-scale, the average annual salary for a Power Electronics Engineer in the United States is around $85,000, but this can range from $60,000 to $120,000 or more.<br /><br />Here are some additional factors that can impact a Power Electronics Engineer's salary:<br /><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: georgia;"><b>Education:</b> Engineers with advanced degrees, such as a Master's or PhD, may earn higher salaries than those with just a bachelor's degree.</span></li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: georgia;"><b>Experience:</b> More experienced engineers may command higher salaries, particularly if they have experience in complex projects or leadership roles.</span></li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: georgia;"><b>Industry:</b> Engineers working in industries such as renewable energy, aerospace, and telecommunications may earn higher salaries than those working in other industries.</span></li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: georgia;"><b>Location:</b> The cost of living and demand for engineers in a particular location can impact salary levels. Salaries tend to be higher in areas with higher costs of living and in areas where there is a high demand for engineers.</span></li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: georgia;"><b>Certifications:</b> Engineers with professional certifications such as a Certified Power Electronics Professional (CPEP) or a Professional Engineer (PE) may earn higher salaries.</span></li></ul>A Power Electronics Engineer can expect to earn a competitive salary, particularly if they have a strong educational background, relevant work experience, and specialized skills.<br /><br /></span><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #ffa400; font-family: georgia;"><b>How to get jobs in Power Electronics?</b></span></h2><span style="font-family: georgia;">Here are some steps you can take to increase your chances of getting a job in Power Electronics:<br /><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: georgia;"><b>Build a strong educational background:</b> To be a Power Electronics Engineer, you need to have a strong foundation in electrical engineering or a related field. Consider pursuing a bachelor's or master's degree in electrical engineering, power electronics, or a related field to build the necessary technical knowledge and skills.</span></li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: georgia;"><b>Gain relevant experience:</b> Internships, co-op programs, or entry-level positions in power electronics can provide valuable work experience and help you develop relevant skills. Look for opportunities to gain hands-on experience with power electronic systems, circuit design, and programming.</span></li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: georgia;"><b>Build a portfolio:</b> Build a portfolio of projects related to power electronics, including circuit designs, simulation results, and hardware prototypes. This will demonstrate your technical skills to potential employers.</span></li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: georgia;"><b>Network with professionals:</b> Attend industry events, conferences, and job fairs to network with professionals in the field. Connect with alumni from your college or university who are working in power electronics and seek their advice.</span></li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: georgia;"><b>Look for job openings:</b> Search for job openings on job boards, company websites, and professional networking platforms like LinkedIn. Customize your application materials to highlight your experience and skills relevant to power electronics.</span></li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: georgia;"><b>Prepare for interviews:</b> Research the company and the job position to prepare for interviews. Be ready to discuss your technical skills, problem-solving abilities, and experience working on power electronics projects.</span></li></ul>Pursuing education and experience in power electronics, building a strong portfolio, networking with professionals, and preparing well for interviews can increase your chances of getting a job in power electronics.<br /><br /></span><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #ffa400; font-family: georgia;"><b>Conclusion</b></span></h2><span style="font-family: georgia;">A Power Electronics Engineer is responsible for designing, testing, and maintaining power electronic systems for various applications.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia;">They must have a strong foundation in electrical engineering or a related field, as well as specialized skills in circuit design, control systems, and programming.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia;">Power Electronics Engineers can work in a variety of industries, including automotive, aerospace, renewable energy, and telecommunications, among others.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia;">Job titles and roles for Power Electronics Engineers may vary depending on their level of experience and industry, but typically involve designing and testing power electronic systems, providing technical support to customers, and managing projects.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia;">Salaries for Power Electronics Engineers can vary depending on various factors, such as education, experience, location, and industry.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia;">Pursuing education and experience in power electronics, building a strong portfolio, networking with professionals, and preparing well for interviews can increase the chances of getting a job in this field.<br /></span><br /></div></div>Adminhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12743833901137477565noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6408332436287516652.post-58811039575559072692023-01-21T00:49:00.002-08:002023-09-09T00:27:33.133-07:00Resistor Symbols<h1 style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="color: #ffa400; font-family: georgia;">Symbols of Resistor</span></b></h1><div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;">All resistor types have their own resistor symbols and these symbols of resistor are used when we create a circuit diagram. Here in this page we will know about the different standards which are referred for resistor symbols and represent the most popular symbols.<br /></span><div><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #ffa400; font-family: georgia;"><b>Standards for Resistor Symbols</b></span></h2><span style="font-family: georgia;">There are various standards, which explains how the different types of components should be represent. Previously electronics designer are confused because there is no common standard and each country and industry use their own created standard.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia;">To solve this issue, a standard committee has been created which propose a common international standard, IEC 60617. This standard is the international standard to represent electronic symbols. The international standard is worldwide accepted, but some local standard as per application still is in use, for example the ANSI standard is still used in the United States. <br /><br />Below are some standards which informs about resistor symbols:<br /><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: georgia;">IEC 60617 (International)</span></li></ul></span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: georgia;">ANSI Y32 / IEEE 315 (US)</span></li></ul></span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: georgia;">DIN 40900 (Germany)</span></li></ul></span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: georgia;">AS 1102 (Australia)</span></li></ul></span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: georgia;">IS 2032 (India)</span></li></ul></span></div><div><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #ffa400; font-family: georgia;"><b>Schematic Symbols</b></span></h3><div><span style="font-family: georgia;">Below are the most common resistor symbols used in electronics schematic design;</span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjb06x8sBUum1q82e5Go3GpJUd-uqSrcBKevcVnulnNI_WyCpPGFjXLYNwcDzU2Y0eFDz7uqyrhNyRRcQ64PNZR1msghfIPKhyHIB-feDFZ-YAi4N7DWQmripbKFzRG6f0BGJx5Rmrh3MxWIW-Mpp-moYrD7hxmCGEYybskxEVXZTrRnlTFj23Y6y4lG6p2/s1012/Symbols%20of%20Resistor.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Symbols of Resistor" border="0" data-original-height="808" data-original-width="1012" height="511" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjb06x8sBUum1q82e5Go3GpJUd-uqSrcBKevcVnulnNI_WyCpPGFjXLYNwcDzU2Y0eFDz7uqyrhNyRRcQ64PNZR1msghfIPKhyHIB-feDFZ-YAi4N7DWQmripbKFzRG6f0BGJx5Rmrh3MxWIW-Mpp-moYrD7hxmCGEYybskxEVXZTrRnlTFj23Y6y4lG6p2/w640-h511/Symbols%20of%20Resistor.jpg" title="Symbols of Resistor" width="640" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div></div><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #ffa400; font-family: georgia;"><b>Conclusion</b></span></h3><div><span style="font-family: georgia;">The resistor symbols as per common acceptable standards are meaningful and easily understandable</span><span style="font-family: georgia;"> by everyone. In Electronics design these common resistor symbols are widely used.</span></div><div><br /></div></div>Adminhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12743833901137477565noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6408332436287516652.post-8428795533312192632022-04-09T12:30:00.008-07:002023-01-21T00:48:05.252-08:00Energy Stored in Capacitor<h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #ffa400; font-family: georgia;"><b>Energy Stored in a Capacitor</b></span></h2><span style="font-family: georgia;">In this article, we will discuss about the energy stored in a capacitor and derive the equation for the calculating the energy stored in the capacitor.<br /><br /></span><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #ffa400; font-family: georgia;"><b>How energy stored in a capacitor?</b></span></h3><div><span style="font-family: georgia;">Work done by the battery defines the energy stored in a capacitor.<br /><br />The energy which is stored by a capacitor is the electric potential energy and is described by the available voltage and charge on the capacitor.<br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuYJeG92P6wyDXxGdBhgE6aR6zvQbQF83sNLIhHgQP8MJACIcs20sn6ZhvFp8qfLY5q5V_er5TlroksTVHaHc0Pz0vhbajlsK2zF-U1uvKH2GMQGvk86huMKKPZWEOGRTE8eAKGqIHGEdi7yjWCk6YJqn1pef4QixkuFzeSq-wed4o15CsHQyuH6DHkA/s728/Energy%20Stored%20in%20a%20Capacitor.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Energy Stored in a Capacitor" border="0" data-original-height="598" data-original-width="728" height="329" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuYJeG92P6wyDXxGdBhgE6aR6zvQbQF83sNLIhHgQP8MJACIcs20sn6ZhvFp8qfLY5q5V_er5TlroksTVHaHc0Pz0vhbajlsK2zF-U1uvKH2GMQGvk86huMKKPZWEOGRTE8eAKGqIHGEdi7yjWCk6YJqn1pef4QixkuFzeSq-wed4o15CsHQyuH6DHkA/w400-h329/Energy%20Stored%20in%20a%20Capacitor.jpg" title="Energy Stored in a Capacitor" width="400" /></a></div><br /></span><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #ffa400; font-family: georgia;"><b>Energy stored in a capacitor equation</b></span></h3><span style="font-family: georgia;">When switch is closed, it connects the battery to the capacitor, there is no charge buildup because there is zero voltage across the capacitor. Here in this case the voltage on capacitor is proportional to charge.<br /><br />V = q / C<br /><br />V is the voltage on the capacitor. Energy per unit charge is represented by the voltage, therefore the work to move a charge matter dq from the negative plate to the positive plate is given by V dq. The voltage V is proportional to the total charge which is present on the capacitor.<br /><br />Energy stored is given by;</span><div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div><div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">dU = Vdq = (q / C) dq</span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><br />When the whole battery voltage available across the capacitor then the Q is amount of stored charge, the stored energy is derived from the integral:<br /><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEioAERQOkndOd7Iti7G700op9KVRmEE5A2vt5KnBbsrqZwzDHEVCdwGLABfdwq_TcEIJByLT1pPAz0Yp_2_UKfUeP7NFvjYpRydldCWvOQv874Y4j_DaT8EsV51yKvQe2r_juiaRSUVV0m5UWz3wctpZQecoh-fceVDpXcNiWgw4CSQta2hQHdfG7pgHA/s170/Integral%20form%20of%20Stored%20Energy.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Energy Stored in a Capacitor" border="0" data-original-height="83" data-original-width="170" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEioAERQOkndOd7Iti7G700op9KVRmEE5A2vt5KnBbsrqZwzDHEVCdwGLABfdwq_TcEIJByLT1pPAz0Yp_2_UKfUeP7NFvjYpRydldCWvOQv874Y4j_DaT8EsV51yKvQe2r_juiaRSUVV0m5UWz3wctpZQecoh-fceVDpXcNiWgw4CSQta2hQHdfG7pgHA/s16000/Integral%20form%20of%20Stored%20Energy.png" title="Integral form of Stored Energy" /></a></div><br /><div style="text-align: left;">Based on the definition of capacitance C=Q/V, the above given energy expression can be written in three equivalent forms by using permutations.</div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_HXnpYhWVdr5z1cplTGeY-S-LugvI9QCVcFInd-uHUa-pQv9rJ3CxEU8rkiOSvRP1akjwBbEKHn1dhuiZq9LDkjVCUroeOVc1bEB3RwCOWe9a7yM6fo11rlmGZqSv6qavfhqzVeqsUGX7xiVmrYNLiuZzdKshhVWYAqMcwTr8cFn2Wh7_w-TO-lTLMw/s212/Energy%20stored%20in%20a%20capacitor.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Energy stored in a capacitor equation" border="0" data-original-height="55" data-original-width="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_HXnpYhWVdr5z1cplTGeY-S-LugvI9QCVcFInd-uHUa-pQv9rJ3CxEU8rkiOSvRP1akjwBbEKHn1dhuiZq9LDkjVCUroeOVc1bEB3RwCOWe9a7yM6fo11rlmGZqSv6qavfhqzVeqsUGX7xiVmrYNLiuZzdKshhVWYAqMcwTr8cFn2Wh7_w-TO-lTLMw/s16000/Energy%20stored%20in%20a%20capacitor.png" title="Energy stored in a capacitor equation" /></a></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div></span><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #ffa400; font-family: georgia;"><b>How to calculate energy stored in a capacitor?</b></span></h3><span style="font-family: georgia;">Below example will help us to better understand how to calculate the energy stored in a capacitor.<br /><br /><b><u>Example:</u></b></span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia;">If the capacitance of a capacitor is 100 F, which is charged to a potential of 100 V, Calculate the energy stored in this capacitor.<br /><br /><b><u>Solution:</u></b><br /><br />We have a capacitor of 100F capacitance, which is charged to a potential of 100 V. Calculation of energy stored in a capacitor can be perform by below equation;<br /><br />U = (1/2)CV²<br /><br />Substituting the values, we get<br /><br />U = (1/2) x 100 x (100)²<br /><br />U = 500000 J<br /><br />U = 500 x 10³<br /><br /></span><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #ffa400; font-family: georgia;"><b>Conclusion</b></span></h3><span style="font-family: georgia;">Energy stored in a capacitor is defined by the battery. Hence, the energy available at capacitor is described by the voltage (V) and charge (q) on the capacitor.<br /></span><br /></div></div>Adminhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12743833901137477565noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6408332436287516652.post-86820103216682424262021-11-04T01:15:00.030-07:002023-06-30T09:15:03.775-07:00Power Electronics Companies<h1 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><b><span style="color: #ffa400;">List of Power Electronics Companies</span></b></span></h1><span style="font-family: georgia;"><div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinbppBxXX7JPc53Ss3PcycoioK8bdwIMu4sWuHhqHgQTKJ9FeXIETbx3FamELlRKGrnStoEz-zlYPWbo38CnKhtwyiZ1zSLVJ5AU81zDlANIFyatbkObADwssxYmf3vG_0LMP26uzxSF3_k8orJISywcS6yCLN2OrAijg6rmw7tlFw2AcpTlmg83hBRs2w/s1836/Power%20Electronics%20Companies.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Power Electronics Companies" border="0" data-original-height="1836" data-original-width="1520" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinbppBxXX7JPc53Ss3PcycoioK8bdwIMu4sWuHhqHgQTKJ9FeXIETbx3FamELlRKGrnStoEz-zlYPWbo38CnKhtwyiZ1zSLVJ5AU81zDlANIFyatbkObADwssxYmf3vG_0LMP26uzxSF3_k8orJISywcS6yCLN2OrAijg6rmw7tlFw2AcpTlmg83hBRs2w/w331-h400/Power%20Electronics%20Companies.jpg" title="List of Power Electronics Companies" width="331" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div></span></div><b>Power Electronics Companies</b> manufactures their product to control and convert the electric power as per the application requirement.<br /><br />In every circuit where power conversion is needed, the <a href="https://www.powerelectronicstalks.com/2018/09/power-electronics.html" target="_blank">power electronics</a> plays an important role. We use circuits and components manufactured by these companies to full-fill the power conversion requirement. <br /><br />We can’t ignore contribution of the companies dealing with power electronics in development of electronics world.<br /><br />Many time job seekers, design engineers, sales engineers, procurement managers, hobbyist, etc struggles to find a particular power electronics companies for their project, application or purchase requirement. They try to search online but, they are unable to get any list of power electronics companies online as it is not available.<br /><br />For your ease we had created list of power electronics companies, where you can place orders, apply for job or internship, make industrial visits, etc.<br /><br />In this list we didn’t include the companies which manufactures semiconductor components.<br /><br />Here is the list of power electronics companies in alphabetical order;<br /><br /><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="color: #ffa400; font-family: georgia;"><b>Applied Kilovolts Ltd.</b></span></li></ul><div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjll-1gmvpx_whzGGbU-NrgeXLIIhjxPyVTiQN_ruYKuBFqf-W3rGOPoXO6M-pospItr6Wc7znMwzF6SBGotCRI64ZNrF_86VNQY-OCrIHiks_cZ5JNrPHw1TJWIfY31Ge6ZZ1ZeJMHbIOmH5QJ2mD0_-xJ83Y58w7IcD0shL9pOp_wbWITcnsDLzzeaA=s266" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Power Electronics Companies" border="0" data-original-height="92" data-original-width="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjll-1gmvpx_whzGGbU-NrgeXLIIhjxPyVTiQN_ruYKuBFqf-W3rGOPoXO6M-pospItr6Wc7znMwzF6SBGotCRI64ZNrF_86VNQY-OCrIHiks_cZ5JNrPHw1TJWIfY31Ge6ZZ1ZeJMHbIOmH5QJ2mD0_-xJ83Y58w7IcD0shL9pOp_wbWITcnsDLzzeaA=s16000" title="Applied Kilovolts" /></a></div></span></div><div><br /></div><b>Products :</b> High Voltage Power Supplies (AC-DC)<br /><br /><b>Application fields :</b> Analytical Instrumentation Systems like; Mass Spectrometry, Electron Microscopy, X-ray Systems (XRF, XRD, Imaging), Medical Imaging & Image Intensification, Optical Spectroscopy, Electrophoresis, E-beam & I-beam, Semiconductor Analysis And Design Systems.<br /><br /><b>Website :</b> <a href="http://www.appliedkilovolts.com">www.appliedkilovolts.com</a><br /><br /><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="color: #ffa400; font-family: georgia;"><b>Artesyn Embedded Technologies</b></span></li></ul><div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhrDz0rUcrxsPbMnIXthr00-u1oGprjNMV64BUbysNYYhwh9eRLNqUlBaFLFQ_RsKzd135BKYNx7iaOPqLFV0PaeHQzsfb9oBsbtBKuv8Y_SEAbcqW5RSVFEFdRUKwWhsA-Ob5WHoaSIB-Smj4od7k5Cvrozbrw8CLBNRhCRzGbCyLuMsvDp8iW6ITkow=s299" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Power Electronics Companies" border="0" data-original-height="62" data-original-width="299" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhrDz0rUcrxsPbMnIXthr00-u1oGprjNMV64BUbysNYYhwh9eRLNqUlBaFLFQ_RsKzd135BKYNx7iaOPqLFV0PaeHQzsfb9oBsbtBKuv8Y_SEAbcqW5RSVFEFdRUKwWhsA-Ob5WHoaSIB-Smj4od7k5Cvrozbrw8CLBNRhCRzGbCyLuMsvDp8iW6ITkow=s16000" title="Artesyn Embedded Technologies" /></a></div></span></div><div><br /></div><b>Products :</b> DC/DC Converter, AC/DC Module, External Adapters, DIN rail power supplies, Panel mount power supplies, Open frame power supplies, PFC board mount modules, Programmable Laboratory power supplies, etc.<br /><br /><b>Application fields :</b> Networking, Telecommunications, Server & Storage, Office systems, Process control, Healthcare, Test and instrumentation, Industrial, etc.<br /><br /><b>Website:</b> <a href="http://www.artesyn.com">www.artesyn.com</a><br /><br /><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="color: #ffa400; font-family: georgia;"><b>Bel Fuse</b></span></li></ul><div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjUCh5AOMw2kJMhtT0uPPZ8HTs3lcdtgTdrVCsWraGmWjBasp8Rdq-r1VRuqHQVwOaMHDdNGJllRsfGbjEB8vla0sBKYFLV3F36YkpETIQVk8NLiRB0wV2XAe8K1bkfspdRbSSDwg5UVmxDNYRtDJ1KH9Ri_zyHZ3hHln2lsc4dqzxcOYXGQGuldaL8bw=s341" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Power Electronics Companies" border="0" data-original-height="99" data-original-width="341" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjUCh5AOMw2kJMhtT0uPPZ8HTs3lcdtgTdrVCsWraGmWjBasp8Rdq-r1VRuqHQVwOaMHDdNGJllRsfGbjEB8vla0sBKYFLV3F36YkpETIQVk8NLiRB0wV2XAe8K1bkfspdRbSSDwg5UVmxDNYRtDJ1KH9Ri_zyHZ3hHln2lsc4dqzxcOYXGQGuldaL8bw=s16000" title="Bel Fuse" /></a></div></span></div><div><br /></div><b>Products :</b> DC/DC Converter, AC/DC Module, External Adapters, DIN rail power supplies, Panel mount power supplies, Open frame power supplies, Isolated bricks, etc.<br /><br /><b>Application fields :</b> Solutions for eMobility, Data Centers, Networking & Telecommunication, etc.<br /><br /><b>Website :</b> <a href="http://www.belfuse.com">www.belfuse.com</a><br /><br /><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="color: #ffa400; font-family: georgia;"><b>Bellnix Co., LTD.</b></span></li></ul><div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhYpzLVd0jMSqKH29rOsgXmKf352XaLIFHUxNW3RJD3BbBbwTjv3KFi7fzSv91dVxEXZE5ptA7GSIkwmRvOOqq_yAj0wlB7t51LNGhWRsuICdaj0t3pPk7-Fr7mxFHB4-QbFbX6OQEsjK45RpsrJHpuBk_T8CCXUGrOPxdqT27agWBFHEWHMCFrlPrBtA=s220" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Power Electronics Companies" border="0" data-original-height="97" data-original-width="220" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhYpzLVd0jMSqKH29rOsgXmKf352XaLIFHUxNW3RJD3BbBbwTjv3KFi7fzSv91dVxEXZE5ptA7GSIkwmRvOOqq_yAj0wlB7t51LNGhWRsuICdaj0t3pPk7-Fr7mxFHB4-QbFbX6OQEsjK45RpsrJHpuBk_T8CCXUGrOPxdqT27agWBFHEWHMCFrlPrBtA=s16000" title="Bellnix Co. LTD." /></a></div></span></div><div><br /></div><b>Products :</b> AC-DC SMPS, DC-DC isolated & non-isolated power converters, High Voltage Power Supply and Contactless Power Transfer Modules.<br /><br /><b>Application fields :</b> Industrial, Precision electronic equipments, Medical equipments and Aerospace industry.<br /><br /><b>Website :</b> <a href="http://www.bellnix.com">www.bellnix.com</a><br /><br /><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="color: #ffa400; font-family: georgia;"><b>BorgWarner</b></span></li></ul><div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhQB0lGRo6u9EkzZw0FZaHyEFHOo55hT6yqGu-8U2MwZj5v9Qz1I74dENlFNeQSSpO2za6RrMnfe_Y6mIKDgFzyXrQ1U__16oAuRS59f7k1aBIUnMZN87_Ogqslf03HwV8KFWKHa6EUHh8M0LKjA08FLtMFoOrmA9B_sIli95-iesY0PuT1WP-xha95Fg=s297" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Power Electronics Companies" border="0" data-original-height="70" data-original-width="297" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhQB0lGRo6u9EkzZw0FZaHyEFHOo55hT6yqGu-8U2MwZj5v9Qz1I74dENlFNeQSSpO2za6RrMnfe_Y6mIKDgFzyXrQ1U__16oAuRS59f7k1aBIUnMZN87_Ogqslf03HwV8KFWKHa6EUHh8M0LKjA08FLtMFoOrmA9B_sIli95-iesY0PuT1WP-xha95Fg=s16000" title="BorgWarner" /></a></div></span></div><div><br /></div><b>Products :</b> DC-AC Inverters, DC-DC converter, Battery Charger, etc.<br /><br /><b>Application fields :</b> Mostly Automotive.<br /><br /><b>Website :</b> <a href="http://www.borgwarner.com">www.borgwarner.com</a><br /><br /><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="color: #ffa400; font-family: georgia;"><b>Cincon Electronics Co. LTD.</b></span></li></ul><div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjTLgjLSohfENgzV9fNmpP4bcAiKTBx9T7dLO_RCi9vFWri8NfnDEApr4SpPm8t66u-dNOxvrFsORGT_5J6UeveSqNjVqGO0iZJvaFAIC83L4047mn9IpZ7PFV0D7kTp98ZI7XxEuL7Ue6wtYZEWaEL5wuzPzmMTn8aJFiHnU6UsuMGZU-cGJtE3WtiEQ=s161" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Power Electronics Companies" border="0" data-original-height="80" data-original-width="161" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjTLgjLSohfENgzV9fNmpP4bcAiKTBx9T7dLO_RCi9vFWri8NfnDEApr4SpPm8t66u-dNOxvrFsORGT_5J6UeveSqNjVqGO0iZJvaFAIC83L4047mn9IpZ7PFV0D7kTp98ZI7XxEuL7Ue6wtYZEWaEL5wuzPzmMTn8aJFiHnU6UsuMGZU-cGJtE3WtiEQ=s16000" title="Cincon Electronics Co. LTD." /></a></div><br /></span></div><div><b>Products :</b> DC-DC converters, AC-DC power supplies, LED power supplies, single & multiple output AC adapters and Open frame power supplies.</div><br /><b>Application fields :</b> Railway, Medical and Industrial<br /><br /><b>Website :</b> <a href="http://www.cincon.com">www.cincon.com</a><br /><br /><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="color: #ffa400; font-family: georgia;"><b>Cosel USA, Inc.</b></span></li></ul><div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhH2PQPyBC_97xqkDzYx2fjfnnGRn8W5dc9jE0GMbJyj3-SLQiAmb_RsbyW4pZQDuN36d-shMKB0igU0mRdneRAGChLBt1PROeKAn5hPSVtxvbEZyCABsbFuWlFGlIDSEa3wcBAmiYjmuI79BJwjNsz0sK8KzOUE_HyZuAirFkufEHH0hp-BMfrW5PJUg=s326" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Power Electronics Companies" border="0" data-original-height="122" data-original-width="326" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhH2PQPyBC_97xqkDzYx2fjfnnGRn8W5dc9jE0GMbJyj3-SLQiAmb_RsbyW4pZQDuN36d-shMKB0igU0mRdneRAGChLBt1PROeKAn5hPSVtxvbEZyCABsbFuWlFGlIDSEa3wcBAmiYjmuI79BJwjNsz0sK8KzOUE_HyZuAirFkufEHH0hp-BMfrW5PJUg=s16000" title="Cosel USA, Inc." /></a></div></span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia;"> </span></div><b>Products :</b> DC/DC Converter, AC/DC Module, External Adapters, DIN rail power supplies, Panel mount power supplies, Open frame power supplies, PFC board mount modules and Point-of-load power supplies.<br /><br /><b>Application fields :</b> Telecommunications, Server & Storage, Office systems, Process control, Medical equipment, Test and instrumentation, Industrial, etc.<br /><br /><b>Website :</b> <a href="http://www.coselusa.com">www.coselusa.com</a><br /><br /><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="color: #ffa400; font-family: georgia;"><b>Delta Electronics</b></span></li></ul><div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEh0V9k_f6LHFRhilp6R7_XuBAu8i7TJJsf0FtUI1g01nnAkgfb6pQ-_FbQr3zivLUaEiZv6JevhUUfVqPBstUYYMUZNt--mZRGeXTE3D4mYf3g2vKlP1E6ztYUzyFbo0PBu0on0OsSSdaZqZbSIblDGRgjlwW_yB0BZM0i1_0xmEury5uDg7IYLndf9xA=s246" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Power Electronics Companies" border="0" data-original-height="96" data-original-width="246" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEh0V9k_f6LHFRhilp6R7_XuBAu8i7TJJsf0FtUI1g01nnAkgfb6pQ-_FbQr3zivLUaEiZv6JevhUUfVqPBstUYYMUZNt--mZRGeXTE3D4mYf3g2vKlP1E6ztYUzyFbo0PBu0on0OsSSdaZqZbSIblDGRgjlwW_yB0BZM0i1_0xmEury5uDg7IYLndf9xA=s16000" title="Delta Electronics" /></a></div><br /></span></div><div><b>Products :</b> DC/DC Converter, AC/DC Module, External Adapters, DIN rail power supplies, Panel mount power supplies, Open frame power supplies, Lighting ballasts & LED Drivers, Medical power supplies, Industrial battery charging, Traction Inverter and motor, etc.</div><br /><b>Application fields :</b> Solutions for Industrial Automation, Building Automation, Data Center, Telecom Energy, Smart Energy, Display & Monitoring, EV Charging, etc.<br /><br /><b>Website :</b> <a href="http://www.deltaww.com">www.deltaww.com</a><br /><br /><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="color: #ffa400; font-family: georgia;"><b>Mean Well USA Inc.</b></span></li></ul><div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhNqsj3STdAxw0yDrPkhq2_mg3uuSPg8E7LhfcTzzNCOr7rUYc3n__r1yTOvvLWMhrd5j57e-pobCnO_nrt1oX69zLjFBhBDKTNfpmwxymIhcS1v6pvrm3Fa_krESzVcq3AH8REK96vUQ9-M7on7KKFqC8PI2R1EDN5O_N3PzCdVbLvSineUAHLbGyuKQ=s410" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Power Electronics Companies" border="0" data-original-height="237" data-original-width="410" height="186" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhNqsj3STdAxw0yDrPkhq2_mg3uuSPg8E7LhfcTzzNCOr7rUYc3n__r1yTOvvLWMhrd5j57e-pobCnO_nrt1oX69zLjFBhBDKTNfpmwxymIhcS1v6pvrm3Fa_krESzVcq3AH8REK96vUQ9-M7on7KKFqC8PI2R1EDN5O_N3PzCdVbLvSineUAHLbGyuKQ=w320-h186" title="Mean Well USA Inc." width="320" /></a></div><br /></span></div><div><b>Products :</b> AC/DC Power Supplies, DC/DC converters, DC/AC Inverters, DIN Rail Type Power supplies, Battery Chargers, On Board type, Adopters, Rack Power supplies, Moduler Power supplies, System Power supplies, Enclosed Power supplies and LED drivers.</div><br /><b>Application fields :</b> Networking, Telecommunications, Server & Storage, Office systems, Process control, Healthcare, Test and instrumentation, Industrial, etc.<br /><br /><b>Website :</b> <a href="http://www.meanwellusa.com">www.meanwellusa.com</a><br /><br /><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="color: #ffa400; font-family: georgia;"><b>Mornsun America, LLC</b></span></li></ul><div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgzCI2UNVpefQ9XyCnoppz_hCoP482w8s1kEUah0JqBnzr-vABEEk23YfzgCT17t127ihy1SvDk3HPsFkNFYZOD12WRYSxMwgRapF1zluOmLmk5Ut3lAyRsEz3cvW1PiS9RuHUadnqIHqoCoTIcJryhq3BwqwGQfqTJMabywvbw6PMBDeyTcFoZD1zsIg=s390" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Power Electronics Companies" border="0" data-original-height="88" data-original-width="390" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgzCI2UNVpefQ9XyCnoppz_hCoP482w8s1kEUah0JqBnzr-vABEEk23YfzgCT17t127ihy1SvDk3HPsFkNFYZOD12WRYSxMwgRapF1zluOmLmk5Ut3lAyRsEz3cvW1PiS9RuHUadnqIHqoCoTIcJryhq3BwqwGQfqTJMabywvbw6PMBDeyTcFoZD1zsIg=s16000" title="Mornsun America, LLC" /></a></div></span></div><div style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><b><br /></b></span></div><b>Products :</b> AC/DC converter, DC/DC converter, AC/DC enclosed SMPS, Modules for Transceiver, Modules for Signal Conditioning, Power modules for IGBT/SiC/GaN gate drivers, Drivers for IGBT and LED Drivers.<br /><br /><b>Application fields :</b> Networking, Telecommunications, Server & Storage, Office systems, Process control, Healthcare, Test and instrumentation, Industrial, etc.<br /><br /><b>Website :</b> <a href="http://www.mornsun-power.com">www.mornsun-power.com</a><br /><br /><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="color: #ffa400; font-family: georgia;"><b>Murata Power Solutions Inc.</b></span></li></ul><div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjml-b4Yc86qpcKU82cCJAzy8UmjcN5UVpmj_HpxUu920dBTW7UtaJxuSdyB9GETmmjTU5KnkhOCBHkt0CnNnZ3wKY5b1PwjpxY5X6nLM_icVXQ4MMS86vsrirxLrOaj9iUfoleMrAB3nNlPVO9stQzrZS9TRMqtzejYXuedXD6gzOAO-oq5mlfL6etuw=s297" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Power Electronics Companies" border="0" data-original-height="113" data-original-width="297" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjml-b4Yc86qpcKU82cCJAzy8UmjcN5UVpmj_HpxUu920dBTW7UtaJxuSdyB9GETmmjTU5KnkhOCBHkt0CnNnZ3wKY5b1PwjpxY5X6nLM_icVXQ4MMS86vsrirxLrOaj9iUfoleMrAB3nNlPVO9stQzrZS9TRMqtzejYXuedXD6gzOAO-oq5mlfL6etuw=s16000" title="Murata Power Solutions Inc." /></a></div></span></div><div style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><b><br /></b></span></div><b>Products :</b> AC/DC converter, DC/DC converter, Digital Panel Meters.<br /><br /><b>Application fields :</b> Telecommunications, Computing systems, Industrial controls, Healthcare, Energy management systems, etc.<br /><br /><b>Website :</b> <a href="http://www.murata-ps.com">www.murata-ps.com</a><br /><br /><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="color: #ffa400; font-family: georgia;"><b>Recom Power</b></span></li></ul><div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgvdPXguS8YUAgrXDNM3jagtM2caj-g10zIe4S3MJHtb1uVkF-eQlBp9U9uFMZ1jGFrsGszntrffot6IHBQozkXHNausloQtfsVjkmEK2hqIyfRZik3VqM7ttNaya7wSrInvfbvAnecDqSCKrmAD9PNUyT-Q8bbLXIIfBbN6-V8xOcdXXxEN5SuZYEHXQ=s244" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Power Electronics Companies" border="0" data-original-height="92" data-original-width="244" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgvdPXguS8YUAgrXDNM3jagtM2caj-g10zIe4S3MJHtb1uVkF-eQlBp9U9uFMZ1jGFrsGszntrffot6IHBQozkXHNausloQtfsVjkmEK2hqIyfRZik3VqM7ttNaya7wSrInvfbvAnecDqSCKrmAD9PNUyT-Q8bbLXIIfBbN6-V8xOcdXXxEN5SuZYEHXQ=s16000" title="Recom Power" /></a></div></span></div><div style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><b><br /></b></span></div><b>Products :</b> AC/DC Power Supplies (Chasis mounted, PCB mounted, Wired), Isolated DC/DC Converters (DIN-Rail, Regulated, Unregulated), Switching Regulators (Wired & SMD power modules, Energy harvesting), LED Drivers (constant current and constant voltage), High Power AC/DC converters and DC/AC Inverters.<br /><br /><b>Application fields :</b> Medical Power supplies, eMobility, Transportation, Test & Measurement, Industrial, IGBT/SiC/GaN gate drivers, etc.<br /><br /><b>Website :</b> <a href="http://www.recom-power.com">www.recom-power.com</a><br /><br /><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="color: #ffa400; font-family: georgia;"><b>Rockwell Automation</b></span></li></ul><div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiXYzQerSTtaHHMz3Ev1JKn7c_4zaUf02BODplF1FFVwHSpwqfVgX_kwmpTZi9c-4NmI2jqFdyvnRYDEv5p575_io3v0Nu69Hix7dfURG5oAdR5fRy6NY8zHi-6YvELcAgIm7zBzAa5LXI2Ra5t0jIliTDFvMj5WE14sck_l4i7CCF3wljih5oC_V1Lqw=s434" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Power Electronics Companies" border="0" data-original-height="119" data-original-width="434" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiXYzQerSTtaHHMz3Ev1JKn7c_4zaUf02BODplF1FFVwHSpwqfVgX_kwmpTZi9c-4NmI2jqFdyvnRYDEv5p575_io3v0Nu69Hix7dfURG5oAdR5fRy6NY8zHi-6YvELcAgIm7zBzAa5LXI2Ra5t0jIliTDFvMj5WE14sck_l4i7CCF3wljih5oC_V1Lqw=s16000" title="Rockwell Automation" /></a></div></span></div><div style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><b><br /></b></span></div><b>Products :</b> Switched Mode Power Supplies, Voltage Sag Protectors, Uninterruptible Power Supplies, Control Circuit Transformers, <br /><br /><b>Application fields :</b> Mostly Industrial.<br /><br /><b>Website :</b> <a href="http://www.rockwellautomation.com">www.rockwellautomation.com</a><br /><br /><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="color: #ffa400; font-family: georgia;"><b>SynQor</b></span></li></ul><div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEifdVHob2vFq-baqRcqLL_J9wxwviGYG8tgV-U8DM00-qXx6aKblwQs5kpBlTlXOAmD86MYZwavgJOgqbsnR1GZMmNge9I-V3-7xJR7BDwUEvO3S1YQqjmL4tXtGypjAMrlOL9DhQWiS3nezDvBXESrP5junaV-IDbWV1Uj17vBwsrcQ8gWoUwThuSJog=s228" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Power Electronics Companies" border="0" data-original-height="90" data-original-width="228" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEifdVHob2vFq-baqRcqLL_J9wxwviGYG8tgV-U8DM00-qXx6aKblwQs5kpBlTlXOAmD86MYZwavgJOgqbsnR1GZMmNge9I-V3-7xJR7BDwUEvO3S1YQqjmL4tXtGypjAMrlOL9DhQWiS3nezDvBXESrP5junaV-IDbWV1Uj17vBwsrcQ8gWoUwThuSJog=s16000" title="SynQor" /></a></div></span></div><div style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><b><br /></b></span></div><b>Products :</b> AC-DC converters, DC-DC converters, Power Modules, UPS, etc.<br /><br /><b>Application field :</b> Military, Networking, Telecommunication, Data Communication, Medical, Industrial, Transportation, etc.<br /><br /><b>Website :</b> <a href="http://www.synqor.com">www.synqor.com</a><br /><br /><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="color: #ffa400; font-family: georgia;"><b>TDK-Lambda Americas Inc.</b></span></li></ul><div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjYfOJ-UBD1KPspJhXp3iYbjmNZw6IXvfNkABMq5pFrks3bKRdznOzB6SKfN5FLBy2PQHjxT-Wod9_PGbf4cGgmNDu3Y4omhNmfVjk_4-FAcW4wDiGzYQNqVr5J60CVyDbEiB3agMgQlG_riY2V39oX5XzKDvbD0nIzDDPWU4cK-KCp0TVWQbkmLRJvcA=s565" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Power Electronics Companies" border="0" data-original-height="142" data-original-width="565" height="80" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjYfOJ-UBD1KPspJhXp3iYbjmNZw6IXvfNkABMq5pFrks3bKRdznOzB6SKfN5FLBy2PQHjxT-Wod9_PGbf4cGgmNDu3Y4omhNmfVjk_4-FAcW4wDiGzYQNqVr5J60CVyDbEiB3agMgQlG_riY2V39oX5XzKDvbD0nIzDDPWU4cK-KCp0TVWQbkmLRJvcA=w320-h80" title="TDK-Lambda Americas Inc." width="320" /></a></div></span></div><div><br /></div><b>Products :</b> AC-DC Power Supplies (Chassis Mount/Enclosed,Chassis Mount/Open frame, Chassis Mount/ U channel, Modular, PCB Mount, Rack Mount, DIN rail, External), DC-DC Converters (Isolated & Non-isolated PCB Mount, DIN rail, Chassis mount, Bidirectional), High Voltage Power Supplies (capacitor chargers), Programmable Power Supplies, etc.<br /><br /><b>Application fields :</b> Healthcare, Avionics & Defense, Test & Measurement, Industrial, Robotics, etc.<br /><br /><b>Website :</b> <a href="http://www.us.lambda.tdk.com">www.us.lambda.tdk.com</a><br /><br /><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="color: #ffa400; font-family: georgia;"><b>Traco Power</b></span></li></ul><div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEijk7nMiuuhXWZVEwO7JKZ5bh-wKQqyWFb3pBZdnT00lVpEtmnnPlksIqVC3oFHT46tEniu6kOgumDXXeGub0APV0v289tFmfdMlgxpUSfS3vZDpdWmTuWc61o22qcdueToA_0ol4t2g3ZrgiaIvQmhOV1NgcL7ycmdq3N5jz4s-pHELolv5AkcjXCvwg=s348" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Power Electronics Companies" border="0" data-original-height="48" data-original-width="348" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEijk7nMiuuhXWZVEwO7JKZ5bh-wKQqyWFb3pBZdnT00lVpEtmnnPlksIqVC3oFHT46tEniu6kOgumDXXeGub0APV0v289tFmfdMlgxpUSfS3vZDpdWmTuWc61o22qcdueToA_0ol4t2g3ZrgiaIvQmhOV1NgcL7ycmdq3N5jz4s-pHELolv5AkcjXCvwg=s16000" title="Traco Power" /></a></div></span></div><div style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><b><br /></b></span></div><b>Products :</b> AC/DC Power Supplies, DC/DC Converters, DIN-Rail Power Supplies.<br /><br /></span><div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><b>Application fields :</b> Medical/Healthcare, Railway and Transportation, Industrial/Automation, Building Automation.<br /><br /><b>Website :</b> <a href="http://www.tracopower.com">www.tracopower.com</a><br /><br /><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="color: #ffa400; font-family: georgia;"><b>Tycon Systems Inc.</b></span></li></ul><div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgEKJzllHTYz5TcRfx3M_30oWIv8gAwk-FYG_c_O-lao_TfRBHs8VAs1ly_l2Nqfpmexo-ijVQaYoWtsp8EU5cQso-a044w9Lz524nU664EzSEPdHmBCqPieWqsbnHZVO3HKgzLeQpNhHZ-dGrlo6rHyWJBLX-WNewmiHCF5Pb3Gs6TrDEFIeArmjfVBg=s397" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Power Electronics Companies" border="0" data-original-height="116" data-original-width="397" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgEKJzllHTYz5TcRfx3M_30oWIv8gAwk-FYG_c_O-lao_TfRBHs8VAs1ly_l2Nqfpmexo-ijVQaYoWtsp8EU5cQso-a044w9Lz524nU664EzSEPdHmBCqPieWqsbnHZVO3HKgzLeQpNhHZ-dGrlo6rHyWJBLX-WNewmiHCF5Pb3Gs6TrDEFIeArmjfVBg=s16000" title="Tycon Systems Inc." /></a></div></span></div><div style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><b><br /></b></span></div><b>Products :</b> AC/DC Power Supplies, DC/DC Converters, Surge Protectors, DIN-Rail Power Supplies, Power Adapters, Battery Chargers, Power over Ethernet (PoE - Injectors, Switches, Splitters).<br /><br /><b>Application fields :</b> Mostly Building Automation and Industrial.<br /><br /><b>Website :</b> <a href="http://www.tyconsystems.com">www.tyconsystems.com</a><br /><br /><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="color: #ffa400; font-family: georgia;"><b>Vicor Power</b></span></li></ul><div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjWO6AiqDPqV-4p47Z-IT87ytzNm0Bq1TLEcyrGcJ1de-LSMcU1Xmvuz7rKckaL473oHD-4N8DiwkjFO-lH9NC_kQU0yvRUAiSdhEmFBEbOpatCGrK0EQ0-bBSfjximCCTokP2gtBaC0uL189xtDZGV8uY0Oa2w_zDhJYLBF83D9ux_cAAYezab4gYhjg=s433" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Power Electronics Companies" border="0" data-original-height="115" data-original-width="433" height="85" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjWO6AiqDPqV-4p47Z-IT87ytzNm0Bq1TLEcyrGcJ1de-LSMcU1Xmvuz7rKckaL473oHD-4N8DiwkjFO-lH9NC_kQU0yvRUAiSdhEmFBEbOpatCGrK0EQ0-bBSfjximCCTokP2gtBaC0uL189xtDZGV8uY0Oa2w_zDhJYLBF83D9ux_cAAYezab4gYhjg=w320-h85" title="Vicor Power" width="320" /></a></div></span></div><div style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><b><br /></b></span></div><b>Products :</b> AC-DC Converters and Input Modules, DC-DC Isolated and Non-Isolated power supplies.<br /><br /><b>Application fields :</b> Systems related to computing, Equipment related to industries, automation, Field of robotics, Unmanned Aerial Vehicle’s, Transportation and Vehicles, Aerospace, Satellites and Defense products.<br /><br /><b>Website :</b> <a href="http://www.vicorpower.com">www.vicorpower.com</a><br /><br /><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="color: #ffa400; font-family: georgia;"><b>XP Power</b></span></li></ul><div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEg4qwpTOQEJHA4cjlNm0hBQON9aY3FJus4i7IjCTXDpTbWQCjuBoUwV2QX_1wPlrikHjjb4f0wyiryqBXS0DC9PW9OdzJVApcI7w4gAGKMkZ3MpY9n-qFbeC5uXnI3Jxb8Kd_k_sEEroXU9jBArXmHyfzpiTNYdq8vKfFUEwicB8nLvFzQprRolbNO3bw=s580" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Power Electronics Companies" border="0" data-original-height="131" data-original-width="580" height="72" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEg4qwpTOQEJHA4cjlNm0hBQON9aY3FJus4i7IjCTXDpTbWQCjuBoUwV2QX_1wPlrikHjjb4f0wyiryqBXS0DC9PW9OdzJVApcI7w4gAGKMkZ3MpY9n-qFbeC5uXnI3Jxb8Kd_k_sEEroXU9jBArXmHyfzpiTNYdq8vKfFUEwicB8nLvFzQprRolbNO3bw=w320-h72" title="XP Power" width="320" /></a></div></span></div><div><br /></div><b>Products :</b> AC-DC Power Supplies (Board Mount, Chassis Mount, External, DIN-Rail Mount, Rack Mount, Bench), DC-DC converters (Board Mount, Chassis Mount, DIN Rail Mount), High Voltage AC-DC (Chassis Mount, Rack Mount, Open Stack), High Voltage DC-DC (Through Hole Mount, Surface Mount), RF Power Systems (Rack Mount Generators, Tool Mount Generators), 3 Phase Power Supplies.<br /><br /><b>Application fields :</b> Industrial, Healthcare, Defence & Avionics, Laboratory, Semiconductor Manufacturing Equipment, Railway, Lighting, Instrumentation, Dielectric Heating, Induction Heating.<br /><br /><b>Website :</b> <a href="http://www.xppower.com">www.xppower.com</a><br /><br /></span><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><b><span style="color: #ffa400;">Conclusion</span></b></span></h3></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia;">Above mentioned power electronics companies mostly deals with power electronics applications, they are not in the field of semiconductors.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><br />I know the list is not very big, but with your contribution we can expand the contents of this list. Please comment if I missed any thing or you want to include something in the list.</span><br /></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;"><i>Image Courtesy : All the images has been used from the website of respective companies mentioned in this article.</i></span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>Adminhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12743833901137477565noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6408332436287516652.post-76504798560235551232021-09-03T10:38:00.002-07:002021-09-17T08:23:22.206-07:00Interleaved Power Factor Correction Calculations<h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #ffa400; font-family: georgia;"><b>Interleaved Power Factor Correction Calculations using UCC28063</b></span></h2><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Figure 1 at below is an example and describes calculation for the selection of components for 350W two-phase interleaved transition-mode PFC circuit with the use of UCC28063 PFC controller.</span></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on">
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-6pbrhT24QpM/W1bwnpveEvI/AAAAAAAANks/g2_YL9ia3xAWpTG0pCTtrs3Tw4ngZ3vswCLcBGAs/s1600/Interleaved%2BTransition%2BMode%2BPFC%2Busing%2BUCC28063.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><img alt="Interleaved Power Factor Correction Calculations" border="0" data-original-height="587" data-original-width="1351" height="276" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-6pbrhT24QpM/W1bwnpveEvI/AAAAAAAANks/g2_YL9ia3xAWpTG0pCTtrs3Tw4ngZ3vswCLcBGAs/w640-h276/Interleaved%2BTransition%2BMode%2BPFC%2Busing%2BUCC28063.JPG" title="Interleaved Transition Mode PFC using UCC28063" width="640" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Interleaved Transition Mode PFC using UCC28063</span></td></tr>
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</span><h3 style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="color: #ffa400; font-family: georgia;">1) First detail input specifications have to be defined.</span></b></h3><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 115%;">Mains voltage range (Vac rms): <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 115%;">VAC</span><span lang="EN-US">min</span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 115%;"> = 85Vac and VAC</span><span lang="EN-US">max</span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 115%;"> = 265Vac<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 115%;">Output voltage (Vout): <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: georgia; line-height: 115%;">Vout = 400V<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 115%;">AC line frequency (f</span><span lang="EN-US">line</span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 115%;">): <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 115%;">f</span><span lang="EN-US">line</span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 115%;"> = 47 to 63Hz<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 115%;">Power Factor at maximum load (P.F.): <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: georgia; line-height: 115%;">P.F. = 0.95<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 115%;">Output wattage (Pout):<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: georgia; line-height: 115%;">Pout = 350W<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 115%;">Full load efficiency (η): <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: georgia; line-height: 115%;">η = 95%<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 115%;">Minimum switching frequency (f</span><span lang="EN-US">min</span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 115%;">): <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 115%;">f</span><span lang="EN-US">min</span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 115%;"> = 45kHz<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #ffa400; font-family: georgia;"><b>2) Inductor selection</b></span></h3></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: georgia;">The selection of boost inductor depends on inductor ripple current requirements at the peak of low line.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span lang="EN-US">For this we have to calculate the boost converter duty cycle at the peak of low line (D</span><span lang="EN-US">PEAK_LOW_LINE</span><span lang="EN-US">);<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span lang="EN-US">D</span><span lang="EN-US">PEAK_LOW_LINE</span><span lang="EN-US"> = (Vout – VAC</span><span lang="EN-US">min </span><span lang="EN-US">√2) / Vout<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: georgia;"> = [400 – (85 x 1.414)] / 400<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: georgia;"> = 0.699<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span lang="EN-US">To avoid audible noise the minimum switching frequency of the converter (f</span><span lang="EN-US">min</span><span lang="EN-US">) under low line conditions occurs at the peak of low line and usually it is set in between 25 kHz and 50 kHz. For this design example, f</span><span lang="EN-US">min</span><span lang="EN-US"> is set to 45 kHz. Now L1 and L2 values can be calculated by;<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span lang="EN-US">L1 = L2 = [η x (VAC</span><span lang="EN-US">min</span><span lang="EN-US">)² x D</span><span lang="EN-US">PEAK_LOW_LINE</span><span lang="EN-US">] / (Pout x f</span><span lang="EN-US">min</span><span lang="EN-US">)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: georgia;"> = [0.95 x (85V)² x 0.699] / (350W x 45kHz)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: georgia;"> = 304µH<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span lang="EN-US">Now calculate peak inductor current (IL</span><span lang="EN-US">peak</span><span lang="EN-US">) and RMS current of inductor;<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span lang="EN-US">Peak inductor current = IL</span><span lang="EN-US">peak</span><span lang="EN-US"> = (Pout x √2) / (VAC</span><span lang="EN-US">min </span><span lang="EN-US">x η)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: georgia;"> = (350W x 1.414) / (85V x 0.95)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: georgia;"> = 6.128Apk<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span lang="EN-US">RMS current of inductor = IL</span><span lang="EN-US">RMS</span><span lang="EN-US"> = IL</span><span lang="EN-US">peak </span><span lang="EN-US">/ √6<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: georgia;"> = 6.128 / √6<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span lang="EN-US"> =2.502A</span><span lang="EN-US">RMS</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: georgia;">The converting time can be set by constant on time (TON) and zero-current detection (ZCD). Auxiliary windings on L1 inductor and L2 inductor is detect when the inductor currents are zero. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: georgia;"> There should be at least 2 V at the peak of high line to reset the ZCD comparator after every switching cycle; this can be achieved by proper turn’s ratio. The turns-ratio of each auxiliary winding is;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span lang="EN-US">Np / Ns = (Vout – VAC</span><span lang="EN-US">max </span><span lang="EN-US">√2) / 2V<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: georgia;"> = [400 – (265V x 1.414)] / 2V<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: georgia;"> = 13<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<h3 style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="color: #ffa400;">3) ZCD Resistor Selection (Rza, Rzb)</span></b></h3><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: georgia;">The minimum value of the ZCD resistors is selected based on the internal clamps maximum current ratings of 3mA, as shown in below equation<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: georgia;">Rza = Rzb ≥ [(Vout x Ns) / (Np x 3mA)]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: georgia;"> = Rzb ≥ [400V / (13 x 3mA)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: georgia;"> = 10.2kΩ<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: georgia;"> In this design the resistor value for Rza and Rzb are set to 10 kΩ (standard resistor value chosen).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #ffa400; font-family: georgia;">4) To set “High Voltage Output Sense” (HVSEN) pin</span></h3><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 72pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo13; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">·<span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">UCC28063 driver IC has PWMCNTL (PWM control output) pin, which is an open-drain output and use to deactivate lower side converter while the PFC output capacitor (Cout) is charging. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">·<span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">When voltage at HVSEN pin rises more than 2.5V, PWMCNTL pulls to ground because of increase of impedance at this pin. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">·<span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">A voltage divider from the boost voltage (output voltage) to the HVSEN pin to ground is required to set the working point of PWMCNTL.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">·<span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Below equations shows, how to set the PWMCNTL pin to trigger when the output voltage is within 95% of its nominal value.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: georgia;"> Vout _trig = Vout x 0.95 = 400 x 0.95 = 380V<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">·<span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Resistor Re sets up the high side of the voltage divider and programs the hysteresis of the PWMCNTL signal. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">·<span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Here Re can be select to provide 99V of hysteresis. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: georgia;">Re = Hysteresis / 12µA = 99V / 12µA = 8.25MΩ <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: georgia;"> = 2.74MΩ + 2.74MΩ + 2.74MΩ = 8.22MΩ<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: georgia;">(Three resistors can be used in series to achieve calculated resistance to meet voltage requirements as shown in above equation).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">·<span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Below equation shows calculation for Resistor Rf, which is used to program the PWMCNTL active threshold;<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: georgia;">Rf = 2.5V / {[(Vout _trig – 2.5V) / Re] – 12µA]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: georgia;"> = 2.5V / {[(380V – 2.5V)/ 8.22MΩ] – 12µA}<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: georgia;"> = 73.69kΩ<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: georgia;"> = 73.2kΩ (Standard resistor value has been selected)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">·<span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Below equation shows calculation for minimum output voltage Vout_min, PWMCNTL output will continue to work until Vout_min is reached;<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: georgia;">Vout_min = [2.5V (Re + Rf)] / Rf<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: georgia;"> = [2.5V (8.22M+ 73.2k)] / 73.2k<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: georgia;"> = 283.2V<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: georgia;"> = 283V<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">·<span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Below equation shows the value of Over Voltage Protection threshold which can be achieved by Re and Rf values;<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: georgia;">Vovp = [4.87V (Re + Rf)] / Rf<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: georgia;"> = [4.87V (8.22M+ 73.2k)] / 73.2k<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: georgia;"> = 551V<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<h3 style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="color: #ffa400; font-family: georgia;">5) Selection of Output capacitor (Cout)</span></b></h3><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: georgia;">Holdup requirements decide output capacitor (Cout) of our circuit, below equation explains this;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span lang="EN-US">Cout ≥ [2(Pout/η)(1/f</span><span lang="EN-US">line</span><span lang="EN-US">)] / [Vout² - (Vout_min)²]<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: georgia;"> = [2(350/0.95)(1/47)] / [400² - (283V)²]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: georgia;"> = 196µF<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: georgia;">Two 100μF capacitors were used in parallel for the output capacitor.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: georgia;">Cout = 200µF<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: georgia;">The low-frequency peak-to-peak output voltage ripple (Vripple) is approximately 14 V for this size capacitor, as shown in below equation;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span lang="EN-US">Vripple = (2 . Pout / η) [1 / (Vout x 4π x f</span><span lang="EN-US">line</span><span lang="EN-US"> x Cout)]<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: georgia;"> = (2 . 350W / 0.95) [1 / (400V x 12.56 x 47 x 200µF)]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: georgia;"> = 15.60Vppk<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: georgia;"> = 16Vppk<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: georgia;">A capacitor should withstand the low-frequency RMS current (ICout_100Hz) and the high-frequency RMS current (ICout_HF); calculations of both as follows;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: georgia;">ICout_100Hz = Pout / (Vout x η x √2)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: georgia;"> = 350W / (400V x 0. 95 x 1.414)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: georgia;"> = 0.6513 Arms<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMathPara><m:oMath><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-ansi-font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-ascii-font-family:"Cambria Math"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:"Cambria Math"'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSubPr><m:e><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>ICout</m:r></span></m:e><m:sub><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>_HF</m:r></span></m:sub></m:sSub><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast'><m:r>=</m:r></span></i><m:rad><m:radPr><m:degHide m:val="on"/><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-ansi-font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-ascii-font-family: "Cambria Math";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:"Cambria Math";font-style:italic; mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:radPr><m:deg></m:deg><m:e><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-ansi-font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-ascii-font-family:"Cambria Math"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:"Cambria Math";font-style:italic;mso-bidi-font-style: normal'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSupPr><m:e><m:d><m:dPr><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-ansi-font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-ascii-font-family:"Cambria Math"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:"Cambria Math";font-style:italic;mso-bidi-font-style: normal'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:dPr><m:e><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-ansi-font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-ascii-font-family:"Cambria Math"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:"Cambria Math"'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size: 14.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast'><m:r>Pout</m:r><m:r>2</m:r></span></i><m:rad><m:radPr><m:degHide m:val="on"/><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-ansi-font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:"Cambria Math";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:"Cambria Math"; font-style:italic;mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:radPr><m:deg></m:deg><m:e><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast'><m:r>2</m:r></span></i></m:e></m:rad><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-ansi-font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-ascii-font-family:"Cambria Math"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:"Cambria Math";font-style:italic; mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:num><m:den><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size: 14.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast'><m:r>2 × </m:r><m:r>η</m:r><m:r> ×</m:r><m:r>VACmin</m:r></span></i></m:den></m:f><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size: 14.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast'><m:r> ×</m:r></span></i><m:rad><m:radPr><m:degHide m:val="on"/><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-ansi-font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:"Cambria Math";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:"Cambria Math"; font-style:italic;mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:radPr><m:deg></m:deg><m:e><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-ansi-font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-ascii-font-family: "Cambria Math";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:"Cambria Math"'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast'><m:r>4</m:r></span></i><m:rad><m:radPr><m:degHide m:val="on"/><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-ansi-font-size: 14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:"Cambria Math";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:"Cambria Math";font-style:italic; mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:radPr><m:deg></m:deg><m:e><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast'><m:r>2</m:r></span></i></m:e></m:rad><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast'><m:r> × </m:r><m:r>VACmin</m:r></span></i><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-ansi-font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-ascii-font-family: "Cambria Math";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:"Cambria Math"; font-style:italic;mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:num><m:den><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast'><m:r>9</m:r><m:r>πVout</m:r></span></i></m:den></m:f></m:e></m:rad></m:e></m:d></m:e><m:sup><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size: 14.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast'><m:r>2</m:r></span></i></m:sup></m:sSup><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast'><m:r>-</m:r></span></i><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-ansi-font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-ascii-font-family:"Cambria Math"; 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mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSubPr><m:e><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size: 14.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast'><m:r>t</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sub><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size: 14.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast'><m:r>_100</m:r><m:r>Hz</m:r></span></i></m:sub></m:sSub></m:e></m:d></m:e><m:sup><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size: 14.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast'><m:r>2</m:r></span></i></m:sup></m:sSup><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast'><m:r> </m:r></span></i></m:e></m:rad></m:oMath></m:oMathPara><![endif]--><!--[if !msEquation]--><span face=""calibri" , "sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt; 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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMathPara><m:oMath><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-ansi-font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-ascii-font-family:"Cambria Math"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:"Cambria Math"'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSubPr><m:e><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>ICout</m:r></span></m:e><m:sub><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>_HF</m:r></span></m:sub></m:sSub><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast'><m:r>=</m:r></span></i><m:rad><m:radPr><m:degHide m:val="on"/><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-ansi-font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-ascii-font-family: "Cambria Math";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:"Cambria Math";font-style:italic; mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:radPr><m:deg></m:deg><m:e><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-ansi-font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-ascii-font-family:"Cambria Math"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:"Cambria Math";font-style:italic;mso-bidi-font-style: normal'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSupPr><m:e><m:d><m:dPr><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-ansi-font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-ascii-font-family:"Cambria Math"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:"Cambria Math";font-style:italic;mso-bidi-font-style: normal'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:dPr><m:e><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-ansi-font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-ascii-font-family:"Cambria Math"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:"Cambria Math"'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size: 14.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast'><m:r>Pout</m:r><m:r>2</m:r></span></i><m:rad><m:radPr><m:degHide m:val="on"/><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-ansi-font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:"Cambria Math";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:"Cambria Math"; font-style:italic;mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:radPr><m:deg></m:deg><m:e><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast'><m:r>2</m:r></span></i></m:e></m:rad><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-ansi-font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-ascii-font-family:"Cambria Math"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:"Cambria Math";font-style:italic; mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:num><m:den><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size: 14.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast'><m:r>2 × </m:r><m:r>η</m:r><m:r> ×</m:r><m:r>VACmin</m:r></span></i></m:den></m:f><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size: 14.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast'><m:r> ×</m:r></span></i><m:rad><m:radPr><m:degHide m:val="on"/><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-ansi-font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:"Cambria Math";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:"Cambria Math"; font-style:italic;mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:radPr><m:deg></m:deg><m:e><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-ansi-font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-ascii-font-family: "Cambria Math";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:"Cambria Math"'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast'><m:r>4</m:r></span></i><m:rad><m:radPr><m:degHide m:val="on"/><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-ansi-font-size: 14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:"Cambria Math";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:"Cambria Math";font-style:italic; mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:radPr><m:deg></m:deg><m:e><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast'><m:r>2</m:r></span></i></m:e></m:rad><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast'><m:r> × </m:r><m:r>VACmin</m:r></span></i><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-ansi-font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-ascii-font-family: "Cambria Math";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:"Cambria Math"; font-style:italic;mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:num><m:den><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast'><m:r>9</m:r><m:r>πVout</m:r></span></i></m:den></m:f></m:e></m:rad></m:e></m:d></m:e><m:sup><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size: 14.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast'><m:r>2</m:r></span></i></m:sup></m:sSup><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast'><m:r>-</m:r></span></i><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-ansi-font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-ascii-font-family:"Cambria Math"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:"Cambria Math";font-style:italic;mso-bidi-font-style: normal'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSupPr><m:e><m:d><m:dPr><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-ansi-font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-ascii-font-family:"Cambria Math"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:"Cambria Math";font-style:italic;mso-bidi-font-style: normal'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:dPr><m:e><i style='mso-bidi-font-style: normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast'><m:r>ICou</m:r></span></i><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-ansi-font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-ascii-font-family:"Cambria Math"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:"Cambria Math";font-style:italic; mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSubPr><m:e><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size: 14.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast'><m:r>t</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sub><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size: 14.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast'><m:r>_100</m:r><m:r>Hz</m:r></span></i></m:sub></m:sSub></m:e></m:d></m:e><m:sup><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size: 14.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast'><m:r>2</m:r></span></i></m:sup></m:sSup><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast'><m:r> </m:r></span></i></m:e></m:rad></m:oMath></m:oMathPara><![endif]--><!--[if !msEquation]--><span face=""calibri" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 115%;"><v:shapetype coordsize="21600,21600" filled="f" id="_x0000_t75" o:preferrelative="t" o:spt="75" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" stroked="f"> <v:stroke joinstyle="miter"> <v:formulas> <v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"> <v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"> <v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"> <v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"> <v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"> <v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"> <v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"> <v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"> </v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:formulas> <v:path gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect" o:extrusionok="f"> <o:lock aspectratio="t" v:ext="edit"></o:lock></v:path></v:stroke></v:shapetype><v:shape id="_x0000_i1025" style="height: 67.5pt; width: 448.5pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata chromakey="white" o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\Alok\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.png"></v:imagedata></v:shape></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMathPara><m:oMath><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"Cambria Math","serif"'><m:r><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></m:r></span></i></m:oMath></m:oMathPara><![endif]--><!--[if !msEquation]--><span face=""calibri" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 115%;"><v:shape id="_x0000_i1025" style="height: 18.75pt; width: 71.25pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata chromakey="white" o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\Alok\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image002.png"></v:imagedata></v:shape></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMathPara><m:oMath><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-ansi-font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-ascii-font-family:"Cambria Math"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:"Cambria Math"'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSubPr><m:e><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>ICout</m:r></span></m:e><m:sub><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>_HF</m:r></span></m:sub></m:sSub><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast'><m:r>=</m:r></span></i><m:rad><m:radPr><m:degHide m:val="on"/><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-ansi-font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-ascii-font-family: "Cambria Math";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:"Cambria Math";font-style:italic; mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:radPr><m:deg></m:deg><m:e><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-ansi-font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-ascii-font-family:"Cambria Math"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:"Cambria Math";font-style:italic;mso-bidi-font-style: normal'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSupPr><m:e><m:d><m:dPr><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-ansi-font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-ascii-font-family:"Cambria Math"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:"Cambria Math";font-style:italic;mso-bidi-font-style: normal'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:dPr><m:e><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-ansi-font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-ascii-font-family:"Cambria Math"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:"Cambria Math"'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size: 14.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast'><m:r>350</m:r><m:r>W</m:r><m:r>× 2</m:r></span></i><m:rad><m:radPr><m:degHide m:val="on"/><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-ansi-font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-ascii-font-family: "Cambria Math";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:"Cambria Math"; font-style:italic;mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:radPr><m:deg></m:deg><m:e><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast'><m:r>2</m:r></span></i></m:e></m:rad><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-ansi-font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-ascii-font-family:"Cambria Math"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:"Cambria Math";font-style:italic; mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:num><m:den><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size: 14.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast'><m:r>2 × 0.95 ×85</m:r><m:r>V</m:r></span></i></m:den></m:f><i style='mso-bidi-font-style: normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast'><m:r> ×</m:r></span></i><m:rad><m:radPr><m:degHide m:val="on"/><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-ansi-font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-ascii-font-family:"Cambria Math"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:"Cambria Math";font-style:italic; mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:radPr><m:deg></m:deg><m:e><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-ansi-font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-ascii-font-family: "Cambria Math";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:"Cambria Math"'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast'><m:r>4</m:r></span></i><m:rad><m:radPr><m:degHide m:val="on"/><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-ansi-font-size: 14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:"Cambria Math";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:"Cambria Math";font-style:italic; mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:radPr><m:deg></m:deg><m:e><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast'><m:r>2</m:r></span></i></m:e></m:rad><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast'><m:r> × 85</m:r></span></i><span style='font-size: 14.0pt;mso-ansi-font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-ascii-font-family:"Cambria Math"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:"Cambria Math";font-style:italic; mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:num><m:den><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast'><m:r>9</m:r><m:r>π</m:r><m:r> ×400</m:r></span></i></m:den></m:f></m:e></m:rad></m:e></m:d></m:e><m:sup><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size: 14.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast'><m:r>2</m:r></span></i></m:sup></m:sSup><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast'><m:r>-</m:r></span></i><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-ansi-font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-ascii-font-family:"Cambria Math"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:"Cambria Math";font-style:italic;mso-bidi-font-style: normal'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSupPr><m:e><m:d><m:dPr><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-ansi-font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-ascii-font-family:"Cambria Math"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:"Cambria Math";font-style:italic;mso-bidi-font-style: normal'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:dPr><m:e><i style='mso-bidi-font-style: normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast'><m:r>0.6513</m:r></span></i></m:e></m:d></m:e><m:sup><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size: 14.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast'><m:r>2</m:r></span></i></m:sup></m:sSup><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast'><m:r> </m:r></span></i></m:e></m:rad></m:oMath></m:oMathPara><![endif]--><!--[if !msEquation]--><span face=""calibri" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 115%;"><v:shape id="_x0000_i1025" style="height: 67.5pt; width: 377.25pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata chromakey="white" o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\Alok\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image003.png"></v:imagedata></v:shape></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMathPara><m:oMath><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"Cambria Math","serif"'><m:r><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></m:r></span></i></m:oMath></m:oMathPara><![endif]--><!--[if !msEquation]--><span face=""calibri" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 115%;"><v:shape id="_x0000_i1025" style="height: 18.75pt; width: 71.25pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata chromakey="white" o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\Alok\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image002.png"></v:imagedata></v:shape></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: georgia;">Note: In the capacitor data sheet the low- and a high-frequency RMS current rating is already available.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<h3 style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="color: #ffa400; font-family: georgia;">6) For Peak Current Limiting; Selection of resistor Rs</span></b></h3><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 115%;">Inrush and overload conditions cause failure of MOSFET’s, but this IC saves the MOSFET’s as this IC has inbuilt peak limit comparator, which is use to sense the input current.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 72pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 115%;">We had set the peak current limit (Ipeak) threshold to 120% of the nominal maximum current. Below equation gives details;<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span lang="EN-US">Ipeak = (2Pout x √2 x 1.2) / (η x VAC</span><span lang="EN-US">min</span><span lang="EN-US">) <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: georgia;"> = (2 x 350W x √2 x 1.2) / (0.95 x 85V)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: georgia;"> = 14.7A<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">·<span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Value of current sensing resistor can be calculated as;<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: georgia;">Rs = 200mV / Ipeak = 13.5mΩ<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: georgia;">A metal film current sense resistor will work for us. 500mW resistor will give surge protection.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">·<span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Power loss across current sense resistor (Prs) is calculated by below equation;<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span lang="EN-US">Prs = [Pout / (VAC</span><span lang="EN-US">min</span><span lang="EN-US"> x η)]² Rs <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: georgia;"> = [350W / (85 x 0.95)]² 13.5mΩ <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: georgia;"> = 0.25W<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">·<span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Surge rating is the important specification for the selection of current-sense resistor. The resistor should sustain the short circuit current.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">·<span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Thermal energy resulting from current flow required to melt the fuse, can be calculate by; I²t<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: georgia;">Where; I = RMS current and t = period of current flow<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><b><span style="color: #ffa400;">7) Selection of power components; MOSFET’s M1, M2 and Boost Diodes D1, D2</span></b> </span></h3></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Please check my previous blog;<br /><span style="background-color: white;">"<span><a href="https://www.powerelectronicstalks.com/2018/11/power-factor-correction-critical-conduction-mode-boost-converter-calculations-using-L6562.html" target="_blank">Critical Conduction Mode Boost Converter Calculations using L6562</a></span>"</span><br />for the calculations and selections of the components value for designing transition-mode PFC pre-regulators.</span><div>
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<b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: georgia;">Selecting MOSFET;<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: georgia;">Below are the some major MOSFET selection considerations;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">§<span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Consider; low R</span><span lang="EN-US">DSON</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">§<span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Consider; R</span><span lang="EN-US">DSON</span><span lang="EN-US">*Q</span><span lang="EN-US">g</span><span lang="EN-US"> and R</span><span lang="EN-US">DSON</span><span lang="EN-US">*E</span><span lang="EN-US">OSS</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">§<span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">The device switching losses can be reduce by fast turn ON/OFF switching.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">§<span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Consider low output capacitance Coss for low switching energy and to increase light load efficiency.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">§<span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Drain-source breakdown voltage V</span><span lang="EN-US">BR(DSS) </span><span lang="EN-US">to handle spikes or overshoots.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">§<span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Low thermal resistance R</span><span lang="EN-US">thJC</span><span lang="EN-US">.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">§<span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Since body diode never conducts in the CCM boost converter, the body diode commutation speed and reverse recovery charge are not important.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span lang="EN-US">Drain to Source RMS current of power MOSFET is given by;<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMathPara><m:oMath><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-ansi-font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-ascii-font-family:"Cambria Math"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:"Cambria Math"'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSubPr><m:e><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>I</m:r></span></m:e><m:sub><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast'><m:r>DS</m:r></span></i></m:sub></m:sSub><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast'><m:r>=</m:r></span></i><m:d><m:dPr><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-ansi-font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-ascii-font-family:"Cambria Math"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:"Cambria Math";font-style:italic;mso-bidi-font-style: normal'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:dPr><m:e><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-ansi-font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-ascii-font-family:"Cambria Math"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:"Cambria Math";font-style:italic;mso-bidi-font-style: normal'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><i style='mso-bidi-font-style: normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast'><m:r>Ipeak</m:r></span></i></m:num><m:den><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size: 14.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast'><m:r>2</m:r></span></i></m:den></m:f></m:e></m:d><m:rad><m:radPr><m:degHide m:val="on"/><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-ansi-font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-ascii-font-family: "Cambria Math";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:"Cambria Math";font-style:italic; mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:radPr><m:deg></m:deg><m:e><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-ansi-font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-ascii-font-family:"Cambria Math"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:"Cambria Math";font-style:italic;mso-bidi-font-style: normal'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><i style='mso-bidi-font-style: normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast'><m:r>1</m:r></span></i></m:num><m:den><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size: 14.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast'><m:r>6</m:r></span></i></m:den></m:f><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast'><m:r>-</m:r></span></i><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-ansi-font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-ascii-font-family:"Cambria Math"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:"Cambria Math";font-style:italic;mso-bidi-font-style: normal'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><i style='mso-bidi-font-style: normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast'><m:r>4</m:r></span></i><m:rad><m:radPr><m:degHide m:val="on"/><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-ansi-font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:"Cambria Math";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:"Cambria Math"; font-style:italic;mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:radPr><m:deg></m:deg><m:e><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size: 14.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast'><m:r>2</m:r></span></i></m:e></m:rad><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size: 14.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast'><m:r> × </m:r><m:r>VACmin</m:r></span></i></m:num><m:den><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size: 14.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast'><m:r>9</m:r><m:r>π</m:r><m:r> × </m:r><m:r>Vout</m:r></span></i></m:den></m:f></m:e></m:rad></m:oMath></m:oMathPara><![endif]--><!--[if !msEquation]--><span face=""calibri" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 115%;"><v:shape id="_x0000_i1025" style="height: 51.75pt; 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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: georgia;">Select “Power MOSFET” of;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span lang="EN-US">Drain-Source Voltage (V</span><span lang="EN-US">DS</span><span lang="EN-US">) = 500V<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span lang="EN-US">Continuous Drain Current (I</span><span lang="EN-US">D</span><span lang="EN-US">) = 11A<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
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<b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: georgia;">Selecting boost diode;<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">§<span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Care to be taken while selecting boost diode for CCM converter because this diode is hard commutated at a high current i.e. the diode turns off while there is still forward current flowing through, and the reverse recovery can cause substantial power loss, noise and current spikes. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">§<span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Reverse recovery can be a problem for high switching frequency and high power density power supplies. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">§<span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">At low line, the diode conduction duty cycle is quite low, and the forward current is quite high according to the average current. For this reason, diode in CCM boost are fast recovery with low reverse recovery charge, followed by V</span><span lang="EN-US">f</span><span lang="EN-US"> operating at high forward current.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 115%;">RMS current for boost diode is given by;<o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMathPara><m:oMath><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-ansi-font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-ascii-font-family:"Cambria Math"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:"Cambria Math"'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSubPr><m:e><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>I</m:r></span></m:e><m:sub><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast'><m:r>D</m:r></span></i></m:sub></m:sSub><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast'><m:r>=</m:r></span></i><m:d><m:dPr><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-ansi-font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-ascii-font-family:"Cambria Math"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:"Cambria Math";font-style:italic;mso-bidi-font-style: normal'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:dPr><m:e><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-ansi-font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-ascii-font-family:"Cambria Math"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:"Cambria Math";font-style:italic;mso-bidi-font-style: normal'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><i style='mso-bidi-font-style: normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast'><m:r>Ipeak</m:r></span></i></m:num><m:den><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size: 14.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast'><m:r>2</m:r></span></i></m:den></m:f></m:e></m:d><m:rad><m:radPr><m:degHide m:val="on"/><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-ansi-font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-ascii-font-family: "Cambria Math";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:"Cambria Math";font-style:italic; mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:radPr><m:deg></m:deg><m:e><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-ansi-font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-ascii-font-family:"Cambria Math"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:"Cambria Math";font-style:italic;mso-bidi-font-style: normal'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><i style='mso-bidi-font-style: normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast'><m:r>4</m:r></span></i><m:rad><m:radPr><m:degHide m:val="on"/><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-ansi-font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:"Cambria Math";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:"Cambria Math"; font-style:italic;mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:radPr><m:deg></m:deg><m:e><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size: 14.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast'><m:r>2</m:r></span></i></m:e></m:rad><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size: 14.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast'><m:r> × </m:r><m:r>VACmin</m:r></span></i></m:num><m:den><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size: 14.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast'><m:r>9</m:r><m:r>π</m:r><m:r> × </m:r><m:r>Vout</m:r></span></i></m:den></m:f></m:e></m:rad></m:oMath></m:oMathPara><![endif]--><!--[if !msEquation]--><span face=""calibri" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 115%;"><v:shape id="_x0000_i1025" style="height: 51.75pt; width: 191.25pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata chromakey="white" o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\Alok\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image007.png"></v:imagedata></v:shape></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-MLsNPTughxg/W1b5CL-0kSI/AAAAAAAANlE/J9ZjK6bJMPwQSAPkJniLofrr2gU9_Q5eQCLcBGAs/s1600/Id.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><img border="0" data-original-height="163" data-original-width="243" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-MLsNPTughxg/W1b5CL-0kSI/AAAAAAAANlE/J9ZjK6bJMPwQSAPkJniLofrr2gU9_Q5eQCLcBGAs/s1600/Id.JPG" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: georgia;">Select “Ultrafast Recovery Diode” of;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span lang="EN-US">Peak Repetitive Reverse Voltage (V</span><span lang="EN-US">RRM</span><span lang="EN-US">) = 600V<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span lang="EN-US">Average Rectified Forward current (I</span><span lang="EN-US">F</span><span lang="EN-US">) = 3A<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
<h3 style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="color: #ffa400; font-family: georgia;">8) Protection for Brownout</span></b></h3><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 72pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo24; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">·<span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">A control should be there on PFC circuit i.e. PFC circuit should shut down when applied input voltage falls below a particular voltage for defined time and PFC should again restart when applied input voltage rises to a particular voltage.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">·<span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">We can program our circuit at 75% of minimum operating input voltage to go in brownout protection by selecting Ra and Rb.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">·<span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">The brownout hysteresis comparator in UC28063 is programmed by Ra resistor, 17V of hysteresis can be provided by calculating and proper selection of Ra resistor value. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">·<span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Calculations for Ra and Rb are shown in below equations.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: georgia;">Ra = Hysteresis / 2µA <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: georgia;"> = 17V / 0.000002A <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: georgia;"> = 8.5MΩ<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: georgia;"> = 2.87MΩ + 2.87MΩ + 2.87MΩ = 8.61MΩ<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: georgia;">(Three resistors can be used in series to achieve calculated resistance to meet voltage requirements as shown in above equation).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMathPara><m:oMath><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>Rb</m:r><m:r><i style='mso-bidi-font-style: normal'>=</i></m:r></span><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-size:14.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:"Cambria Math";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:"Cambria Math"; font-style:italic;mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast'><m:r>1.4</m:r><m:r>V</m:r><m:r> ×</m:r><m:r>Ra</m:r></span></i></m:num><m:den><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast'><m:r>VACmin</m:r><m:r> × 0.75</m:r></span></i><m:rad><m:radPr><m:degHide m:val="on"/><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-ansi-font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-ascii-font-family: "Cambria Math";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:"Cambria Math";font-style:italic; mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:radPr><m:deg></m:deg><m:e><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size: 14.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast'><m:r>2</m:r></span></i></m:e></m:rad><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast'><m:r> -1.4</m:r><m:r>V</m:r></span></i></m:den></m:f></m:oMath></m:oMathPara><![endif]--><!--[if !msEquation]--><span face=""calibri" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 115%;"><v:shape id="_x0000_i1025" style="height: 37.5pt; width: 198pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata chromakey="white" o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\Alok\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image009.png"></v:imagedata></v:shape></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: georgia;"> = 133kΩ (standard resistor value has been selected)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span lang="EN-US">After placing above calculated resistor values PFC circuit will shut down when applied input voltage falls below 66V</span><span lang="EN-US">RMS</span><span lang="EN-US"> (longer than 440msec) and PFC will again restart when applied input voltage rises to 78V</span><span lang="EN-US">RMS</span><span lang="EN-US">.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #ffa400; font-family: georgia;"><b>9) Setting of converter ON time</b></span></h3><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 72pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo18; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">·<span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">The minimum frequency f</span><span lang="EN-US">MIN</span><span lang="EN-US"> determines the maximum on-time Ton as shown in below equation;<o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMathPara><m:oMath><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-ansi-font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-ascii-font-family:"Cambria Math"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:"Cambria Math"'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSubPr><m:e><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>f</m:r></span></m:e><m:sub><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast'><m:r>MIN</m:r></span></i></m:sub></m:sSub><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast'><m:r>=</m:r></span></i><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-ansi-font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-ascii-font-family:"Cambria Math"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:"Cambria Math";font-style:italic;mso-bidi-font-style: normal'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><i style='mso-bidi-font-style: normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast'><m:r>η</m:r></span></i><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-ansi-font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-ascii-font-family:"Cambria Math"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:"Cambria Math";font-style:italic;mso-bidi-font-style: normal'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSupPr><m:e><i style='mso-bidi-font-style: normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast'><m:r>×</m:r></span></i><m:d><m:dPr><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-ansi-font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-ascii-font-family:"Cambria Math"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:"Cambria Math";font-style:italic;mso-bidi-font-style: normal'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:dPr><m:e><i style='mso-bidi-font-style: normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast'><m:r>VA��min</m:r></span></i></m:e></m:d><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-ansi-font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-ascii-font-family:"Cambria Math"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:"Cambria Math";mso-bidi-font-family:"Cambria Math"; font-style:italic;mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:e><m:sup><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size: 14.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast'><m:r>2</m:r></span></i></m:sup></m:sSup><m:d><m:dPr><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-ansi-font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-ascii-font-family:"Cambria Math"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:"Cambria Math";font-style:italic;mso-bidi-font-style: normal'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:dPr><m:e><i style='mso-bidi-font-style: normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast'><m:r>1-</m:r></span></i><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-ansi-font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-ascii-font-family:"Cambria Math"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:"Cambria Math";font-style:italic;mso-bidi-font-style: normal'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><i style='mso-bidi-font-style: normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast'><m:r>VACmin</m:r><m:r> × </m:r></span></i><m:rad><m:radPr><m:degHide m:val="on"/><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-ansi-font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-ascii-font-family:"Cambria Math"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:"Cambria Math";font-style:italic; mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:radPr><m:deg></m:deg><m:e><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size: 14.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast'><m:r>2</m:r></span></i></m:e></m:rad></m:num><m:den><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size: 14.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast'><m:r>Vout</m:r></span></i></m:den></m:f></m:e></m:d></m:num><m:den><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast'><m:r>Pout</m:r><m:r> ×</m:r><m:r>L</m:r><m:r>1</m:r></span></i><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>max</m:r></span></m:den></m:f></m:oMath></m:oMathPara><![endif]--><!--[if !msEquation]--><span face=""calibri" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 115%;"><v:shape id="_x0000_i1025" style="height: 56.25pt; width: 268.5pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata chromakey="white" o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\Alok\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image011.png"></v:imagedata></v:shape></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-duu7xonrOjY/W1b6AaOxcPI/AAAAAAAANlY/BaWGNnXHRGAr6e5PL6CN8hQRdcjOof7HwCLcBGAs/s1600/fMIN.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><img border="0" data-original-height="234" data-original-width="388" height="192" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-duu7xonrOjY/W1b6AaOxcPI/AAAAAAAANlY/BaWGNnXHRGAr6e5PL6CN8hQRdcjOof7HwCLcBGAs/s320/fMIN.JPG" width="320" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">·<span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Highest boost inductance (L1max) and Power output (Pout) confirms operation timing.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">·<span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Calculate the timing resistor Rt as shown in below equation;<o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-bkh7lRgyT-Q/W1b6gQ5ILSI/AAAAAAAANlk/HCnqnMWUlX8cGmUxoj-0ojPpx4l2gQpYQCLcBGAs/s1600/Rt.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><img border="0" data-original-height="185" data-original-width="251" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-bkh7lRgyT-Q/W1b6gQ5ILSI/AAAAAAAANlk/HCnqnMWUlX8cGmUxoj-0ojPpx4l2gQpYQCLcBGAs/s1600/Rt.JPG" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 115%;">Maximum frequency can be calculated as;<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 115%;">f</span><span lang="EN-US">MAX</span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 115%;"> = 133kΩ / (2µs x 123 kHz) = 540 kHz<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<h3 style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="color: #ffa400; font-family: georgia;">10) Output Voltage (Vout) programming</span></b></h3><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 72pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo23; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">·<span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">We have to minimize the loading effect on the power line when PFC is not working, this will be done by a proper value of resistor Rc;<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: georgia;">Rc = 2.74MΩ + 2.74MΩ + 3.01MΩ = 8.49MΩ<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: georgia;">Vref = 6V<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: georgia;">(Three resistors can be used in series to achieve calculated resistance to meet voltage requirements).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">·<span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Resistor Rd is then calculated depending on Rc, the reference voltage; Vref and the required output voltage; Vout.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: georgia;">Rd = (Vref x Rc) / (Vout –Vref)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: georgia;"> = (6V x 8.49M) / (400 – 6V)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: georgia;"> = 129.2 kΩ<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span lang="EN-US"> = </span><span lang="EN-US">130kΩ (standard resistor value has been selected)</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">·<span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Output over-voltage protection threshold can be calculated by following equation;<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: georgia;">Vovp = 6.48V[(Rc + Rd)/Rd]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: georgia;"> = 6.48V[(8.49M + 130kΩ) / 130kΩ]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: georgia;"> = 429.67V<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
<h3 style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="color: #ffa400; font-family: georgia;">11) Compensation of Voltage loop</span></b></h3><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: georgia;">Resistor value Rz should be such that, it should confirm best power factor and low harmonic distortion on the input current. Resistor Rz should attenuate low-frequency ripple to less than 2% of the voltage amplifier output range.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: georgia;">The trans-conductance amplifier small-signal gain is;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span lang="EN-US">g</span><span lang="EN-US">m</span><span lang="EN-US"> = 50µsec<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: georgia;">The voltage-divider feedback gain can be calculated as shown in below equation;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: georgia;">H = Vref / Vout<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: georgia;"> = 6V / 400V = 0.015<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: georgia;">The Rz resistor value can be calculated as shown in below equation;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span lang="EN-US">Rz = 100mV / (Vripple x H x g</span><span lang="EN-US">m</span><span lang="EN-US">)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: georgia;"> = 100mV / (16V x 0.015 x 50µsec)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: georgia;"> = 8.3 kΩ<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: georgia;">Standard resistor value is Rz = 8.2 kΩ<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: georgia;">Cz is then set to add 45° phase margin at 1/5th of the line frequency, as shown in below equation;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span lang="EN-US">Cz = 1 / [2π x (f</span><span lang="EN-US">line</span><span lang="EN-US"> / 5) x Rz]<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: georgia;"> = 1 / [2π x (47Hz / 5) x 8.2kΩ]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: georgia;"> = 2µF<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: georgia;">Standard capacitor value is Cz = 2.2µF<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: georgia;">Cp is sized to attenuate high-frequency switching noise, as shown in below equation;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span lang="EN-US">Cp = 1 / [2π x (f</span><span lang="EN-US">MIN</span><span lang="EN-US"> / 2) x Rz]<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: georgia;"> = 1 / [2π x (39 kHz / 2) x 8.2kΩ]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: georgia;"> = 995pF<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: georgia;">Standard capacitor value is Cp = 1000pF<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #ffa400; font-family: georgia;"><b>Conclusion</b></span></h3><span style="font-family: georgia;">Above mentioned interleaved Power Factor Correction Calculation will help for the selection of components for 350W two-phase interleaved transition-mode PFC circuit with the use of UCC28063 PFC controller.</span></div><div><br /></div>
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Adminhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12743833901137477565noreply@blogger.com0Malaysia, India, UK, Germany, France, Italy, Japan, United States, Canada, Singapore, Russia, South Korea, Poland, Ukraine, Australia, New Zealand4.210484 101.97576600000002-11.7947095 81.321469000000022 20.2156775 122.63006300000002tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6408332436287516652.post-30006545649866112122021-05-25T19:41:00.003-07:002023-07-01T08:57:08.014-07:00Ferrite Properties and Applications<h1 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #ffa400; font-family: georgia;">Ferrite Properties and Ferrite Applications</span></h1><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvZU29ZzHqItbLA8K-3MMK649M7ZhJzzwIAtuFbb4UZ3bZCJRPktZCUuhsgh4--OGzdilnZWRXpMjmQ2EkzRYpqPYIvceDkWpit2Prx8NCs-2rfrIoi0hBdmgqzLcvQArKpTYF1ejahxi9JuavVEQ-szpiBzAwC_Y7Q1Az1pzQwK2e988EEkXYVxKsv5Jj/s600/Ferrite%20Properties%20and%20Applications.png"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvZU29ZzHqItbLA8K-3MMK649M7ZhJzzwIAtuFbb4UZ3bZCJRPktZCUuhsgh4--OGzdilnZWRXpMjmQ2EkzRYpqPYIvceDkWpit2Prx8NCs-2rfrIoi0hBdmgqzLcvQArKpTYF1ejahxi9JuavVEQ-szpiBzAwC_Y7Q1Az1pzQwK2e988EEkXYVxKsv5Jj/w400-h233/Ferrite%20Properties%20and%20Applications.png" /></span></a></div><div><br /><h2 style="text-align: left;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: georgia;">What is Ferrite?</span></span></b></h2>
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 13pt;">Ferrite is a ceramic
compound, which is made by mixing and firing of iron oxide along with one or two
metallic elements which has ferrimagnetic properties such
as barium, manganese, nickel, and zinc.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 13pt;">More details on Ferrite,
Ferrite Structure, Ferrite Properties and Ferrimagnetism you can find in my
previous blog, "<a href="https://www.powerelectronicstalks.com/2018/09/ferrite-structure-and-ferrite-properties.html" target="_blank">Ferrite Structure and Ferrite Properties</a>".</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
<h3 style="text-align: left;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: georgia;">Ferrite Properties and Applications</span></span></b></h3>
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 13pt;">Below steps signifies the
ferrite properties needed for considering ferrite applications (soft ferrite applications);<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 13pt;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /><b><span style="color: #ffa400;">Common Mode Chokes</span></b> <br /><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: georgia;">Ferrite property required is very high permeability, generally in the range of 5000µ to 15000µ. </span></li><li><span style="font-family: georgia;">For this application ferrite shapes like; toroids, U cores and E cores can be used. </span></li></ul> <div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div><b><span style="color: #ffa400;">Broadband Transformers</span></b><br /><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: georgia;">Ferrite property required is very high permeability, generally in the range of 5000µ to 15000µ. </span></li><li><span style="font-family: georgia;">Low loss material should be use. </span></li><li><span style="font-family: georgia;">Material should support good frequency response. </span></li><li><span style="font-family: georgia;">For this application ferrite shapes like; E cores, U cores, and I cores, Pot cores, toroids, EP cores and RM cores can be used. </span></li></ul> <br /><b><span style="color: #ffa400;">Power Converter and Power Inverter Transformers</span></b><br /><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: georgia;">Ferrite property required is the permeability in the range of 900µ to 3000µ. </span></li><li><span style="font-family: georgia;">Low loss material should be use. </span></li><li><span style="font-family: georgia;">Material should support high saturation. </span></li><li><span style="font-family: georgia;">For this application ferrite shapes like; E cores, Pot cores, toroids, ETD cores, Planer cores and EV cores can be used. </span></li></ul> <br /><b><span style="color: #ffa400;">Differential Mode Inductors</span></b><br /><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: georgia;">Ferrite property required is very high permeability, generally in the range of 2300µ to 3000µ. </span></li><li><span style="font-family: georgia;">Material should stable at high temperature. </span></li><li><span style="font-family: georgia;">Material should stable at varying load conditions. </span></li><li><span style="font-family: georgia;">For this application ferrite shapes like; EP cores, Gapped Pot cores, E cores, RM cores, Planer cores and PQ cores can be used. </span></li></ul> <br /><b><span style="color: #ffa400;">Narrow Band Transformers</span></b><br /><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: georgia;">Ferrite property required is very high permeability, generally in the range of 3000µ to 5000µ. </span></li><li><span style="font-family: georgia;">Material should support reasonable Q. </span></li><li><span style="font-family: georgia;">Material should stable at high temperature. </span></li><li><span style="font-family: georgia;">Material should stable at varying load conditions. </span></li><li><span style="font-family: georgia;">For this application ferrite shapes like; Pot cores, RM cores, toroids and EP cores can be used. </span></li></ul> <br /><b><span style="color: #ffa400;">Noise Filters</span></b><br /><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: georgia;">Ferrite property required is very high permeability, generally in the range of 5000µ to 15000µ. </span></li><li><span style="font-family: georgia;">Material should support good frequency response. </span></li><li><span style="font-family: georgia;">For this application ferrite shapes like; toroids and drum cores can be used. </span></li></ul> <br /><b><span style="color: #ffa400;">Power Inductors </span></b><br /><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: georgia;">Ferrite property required is the permeability in the range of 900µ to 3000µ. </span></li><li><span style="font-family: georgia;">Material should support high saturation. </span></li><li><span style="font-family: georgia;">Material should have low losses at high temperature. </span></li><li><span style="font-family: georgia;">Material should have low losses at high flux densities. </span></li><li><span style="font-family: georgia;">Material should stable at varying load conditions. </span></li><li><span style="font-family: georgia;">For this application ferrite shapes like; Pot cores, RM cores, PQ cores, Planer cores and E cores can be used. </span></li></ul> <br /><b><span style="color: #ffa400;">Power Transformers</span></b><br /><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: georgia;">Ferrite property required is very high permeability, generally in the range of 900µ to 3000µ. </span></li><li><span style="font-family: georgia;">Material should have low losses at high temperature. </span></li><li><span style="font-family: georgia;">Material should have low losses at high flux densities. </span></li><li><span style="font-family: georgia;">Material should support low moving currents. </span></li><li><span style="font-family: georgia;">For this application ferrite shapes like; Ungapped Pot cores, toroids, EP cores, RM cores, PQ cores, Planer cores and E cores can be used. </span></li></ul> <br /><b><span style="color: #ffa400;">Telecom Inductors</span></b><br /><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: georgia;">Ferrite property required is the permeability in the range of 2300µ to 3000µ. </span></li><li><span style="font-family: georgia;">Material should have low losses at high temperature. </span></li><li><span style="font-family: georgia;">Material should stable at varying load conditions. </span></li><li><span style="font-family: georgia;">For this application ferrite shapes like; Pot cores, EP cores, RM cores, Planer cores and E cores can be used. </span></li></ul> <br /><b><span style="color: #ffa400;">Pulse Transformers</span></b><br /><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: georgia;">Ferrite property required is very high permeability, generally in the range of 2300µ to 3000µ. </span></li><li><span style="font-family: georgia;">Material should have low losses at high temperature. </span></li><li><span style="font-family: georgia;">Material should have low losses at high flux densities. </span></li><li><span style="font-family: georgia;">Material should support high saturation. </span></li><li><span style="font-family: georgia;">For this application ferrite shape like; toroids can be used.
</span></li></ul></span><div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 13pt;"><o:p> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-X_xNNS1Vb44/W8cKJExBUkI/AAAAAAAAAR4/T8Zx0wV11vYmnYreDLXeAYIExzFYxPcigCLcBGAs/s1600/Different%2BTypes%2Bof%2BFerrites.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Ferrite Properties and Applications" border="0" data-original-height="234" data-original-width="1023" height="144" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-X_xNNS1Vb44/W8cKJExBUkI/AAAAAAAAAR4/T8Zx0wV11vYmnYreDLXeAYIExzFYxPcigCLcBGAs/w640-h144/Different%2BTypes%2Bof%2BFerrites.jpg" title="Different Types of Ferrites" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Different Types of Ferrites</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
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<h3>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: georgia;">Conclusion</span></span></b></h3>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">Properties of ferrite
decides the ferrites application. For a ferrite, its geometrical structure along
with the ferrite material decides its </span><span style="font-size: 17.3333px;">behavior</span><span style="font-size: 13pt;"> or properties, which directly decides its use in any application.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span><br />
</div>Adminhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12743833901137477565noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6408332436287516652.post-13854932200440337292020-10-29T15:40:00.008-07:002022-01-03T23:04:19.447-08:00Capacitor Lifespan Calculations
<p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">We know that the operational
conditions of a circuit directly affect the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">capacitor lifespan</b>. The ambient temperature has the largest consequences
on the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">lifespan of a capacitor</b>.
These consequences happen with all type of capacitors.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The relationship between capacitor lifespan
and operating temperature follows Arrhenius' Law of Chemical Activity, which
says that lifespan of a capacitor doubles for every 10°celsius decrease in the
temperature.</span></p>
<h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #ffa400; font-family: georgia; font-size: medium; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><b>Capacitor Lifespan Calculations</b></span></h2><p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Below are the formulas for <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">capacitor lifespan calculations</b> for
different type of capacitors. These formulas represent the relationship between
lifespan of a capacitor and it’s operating conditions.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></p>
<h4 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #ffa400; font-family: georgia; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><b>1) Radial, SMD and Snap-in
electrolytic capacitor lifespan</b></span></h4>
<p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">We know that an aluminium electrolytic
capacitor consists of an anode that have a thin aluminium foil with an etched
surface. This surface is covered with an aluminium oxide which acts as a dielectric.
Electrolytic capacitors offer largest capacitance value per unit volume as compare
to other types of capacitors like ceramic capacitors and film capacitors.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></p><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-m-Qe57evcVs/X5wSnmlT3aI/AAAAAAAAAzg/vdyUqgSBI7cA-UV9uznocDA-BMiqrpd9ACLcBGAsYHQ/s721/Radial%2BSMD%2BSnap-In%2BCapacitor%2BLifespan.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><img alt="Capacitor Lifespan Calculations" border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="721" height="266" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-m-Qe57evcVs/X5wSnmlT3aI/AAAAAAAAAzg/vdyUqgSBI7cA-UV9uznocDA-BMiqrpd9ACLcBGAsYHQ/w400-h266/Radial%2BSMD%2BSnap-In%2BCapacitor%2BLifespan.png" title="Radial SMD Snap-In Capacitor Lifespan" width="400" /></span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Radial, SMD, Snap-In Capacitor Lifespan</span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span><div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 12pt;">Below is the formula for calculations
of lifespan of radial, SMD and snap-in electrolytic capacitors.</span><p></p><p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Le = Ll x (Vr/Va)ⁿ x 2ᴬ x 2ᴮ</span></p><p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Where;</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Le = Expected lifespan of Radial, SMD
and Snap-in electrolytic capacitor.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Ll = Load lifespan rating of the
Radial, SMD and Snap-in electrolytic capacitor.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">A = (Tₒ – Tₓ)/10</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">B = (ΔTₒ - ΔT)/C</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Tₒ = Temperature rating of capacitor.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Tₓ = Ambient temperature of
application.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">ΔTₒ = 5 for 105°C capacitors</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">= 10 for 85°C capacitors</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">= 0 for the capacitors which are not
rated with ripple current.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">ΔT = C x (Ia/Ir)²</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Ir = Rated ripple current of capacitor</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Note: As per part specifications it may
be increased by suitable frequency multiplier.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">As temperature is already accounted
for term “A” in the formula, don’t use temperature multiplier for this term.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Rated current i.e. the maximum current
that may be applied, can be calculate as;</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Datasheet value x Frequency multiplier x Temperature multiplier</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">But “lr” used in this equation is;
Datasheet value x Frequency multiplier.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Ia = Applied ripple current (limited
to catalog specifications and its ripple current multipliers).</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">C = 5 for 105°C capacitors</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">= 10 for 85°C capacitors</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Vr = Capacitor’s rated voltage</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Va = Applied voltage</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Vr/Va limited to a ratio of 2:1</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">n= 1 for Vr≥160V, n = 0 for Vr≤160V</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></p>
<h4 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #ffa400; font-family: georgia; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><b>2) Axial electrolytic capacitor
lifespan</b></span></h4>
<p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">For radial electrolytic capacitor both
leads comes out of one side of the capacitor, but for an axial lead
electrolytic capacitor has leads which come out at two opposite ends. Axial
leaded electrolytic capacitors are perfect for applications having low profile
circuit board.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></p><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-BTlTE38e6Es/X5wTj2uRwAI/AAAAAAAAAzs/Sq1eWO8xDwUyTrH1V_OQPoGz_vOEI41GACLcBGAsYHQ/s842/Axial%2BElectrolytic%2BCapacitor%2BLifespan.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><img alt="Capacitor Lifespan Calculations" border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="842" height="285" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-BTlTE38e6Es/X5wTj2uRwAI/AAAAAAAAAzs/Sq1eWO8xDwUyTrH1V_OQPoGz_vOEI41GACLcBGAsYHQ/w400-h285/Axial%2BElectrolytic%2BCapacitor%2BLifespan.png" title="Axial Electrolytic Capacitor Lifespan" width="400" /></span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Axial Electrolytic Capacitor Lifespan</span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 12pt;">Below is the formula for calculations
of lifespan of axial electrolytic capacitors.</span><p></p><p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Le = Ll x 2ˣ</span></p><p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Where;</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Le = Expected lifespan of axial
electrolytic capacitor in the application.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Ll = Load lifespan rating of axial
electrolytic capacitor.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">X = (Tm – Ta – ΔT)/10</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">ΔT = I² x ESR / (B x A)</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Tm = Axial electrolytic capacitor’s
maximum temperature rating.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Ta = Ambient temperature of the
application.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">ΔT = Temperature rise because of the
ripple current.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">I = Ripple current applied to the axial
electrolytic capacitor.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">ESR = Equivalent series resistance of
axial electrolytic capacitor at application frequency.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">B = Thermal constant.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">A = Surface are of the axial
electrolytic capacitor.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></p>
<h4 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #ffa400; font-family: georgia; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><b>3) Aluminium polymer capacitor
lifespan</b></span></h4>
<p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">It consists of an aluminium anode, an
aluminium cathode and a separator sheet which is infused with electrolyte.
These capacitors have large capacitance along with low ESL and low ESR. Because
of these characters, polymer capacitors are used in the applications like
automotive applications and portable electronic equipment’s. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></p><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-I-ioWj9xQaQ/X5wT3o2gmlI/AAAAAAAAAz0/0567PDgy6iwF1yrNDOdKde20vj0OmaFtACLcBGAsYHQ/s654/Aluminium%2BPolymer%2BCapacitor%2BLifespan.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><img alt="Capacitor Lifespan Calculations" border="0" data-original-height="497" data-original-width="654" height="304" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-I-ioWj9xQaQ/X5wT3o2gmlI/AAAAAAAAAz0/0567PDgy6iwF1yrNDOdKde20vj0OmaFtACLcBGAsYHQ/w400-h304/Aluminium%2BPolymer%2BCapacitor%2BLifespan.png" title="Aluminium Polymer Capacitor Lifespan" width="400" /></span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Aluminium Polymer Capacitor Lifespan</span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 12pt;">Below is the formula for calculations
of lifespan of aluminium polymer capacitors.</span><p></p><p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Le = Ll x 10ᶻ</span></p><p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Where;</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Le = Expected lifespan of aluminium
polymer capacitor.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Ll = Load lifespan rating of the aluminium
polymer capacitor.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Z = (Tm – Ta)/20</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Tm = Aluminium polymer capacitor’s maximum
temperature rating.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Ta = Ambient temperature of the
application.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></p>
<p><span style="color: #ffa400; font-family: georgia; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><b>4) Ceramic capacitor lifespan</b></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Ceramic capacitors consists ceramic
material that acts as the dielectric and are generally used mostly in all
electronic applications. There’s no polarity.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></p><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-0nfhH82ysJQ/X5wUD90kF3I/AAAAAAAAAz4/PuPgiRiSGosR0hR_wcMyFqGdcwTURSOoQCLcBGAsYHQ/s487/Ceramic%2BCapacitor%2BLifespan.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><img alt="Capacitor Lifespan Calculations" border="0" data-original-height="375" data-original-width="487" height="308" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-0nfhH82ysJQ/X5wUD90kF3I/AAAAAAAAAz4/PuPgiRiSGosR0hR_wcMyFqGdcwTURSOoQCLcBGAsYHQ/w400-h308/Ceramic%2BCapacitor%2BLifespan.png" title="Ceramic Capacitor Lifespan" width="400" /></span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Ceramic Capacitor Lifespan</span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 12pt;">Below is the formula for calculations
of lifespan of ceramic capacitors.</span><p></p><p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Le = Ll x (Vr/Va)³ x (Tm/Ta)⁸</span></p><p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Where;</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Le = Expected lifespan of ceramic
capacitor in the application.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Ll = Load lifespan rating of ceramic
capacitor.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Tm = Ceramic capacitor’s maximum
temperature rating.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Ta = Ambient temperature of the
application.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Vr = Capacitor’s rated voltage.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Va = Applied voltage.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></p>
<h4 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #ffa400; font-family: georgia; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><b>5) Film capacitor lifespan</b></span></h4>
<p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">These capacitors are generally used in
AC and DC electronic applications. Polypropylene film capacitor, plastic film
capacitors and polymer film capacitors are most commonly used.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></p><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ZijtW-Vjwyg/X5wUVKt0QgI/AAAAAAAAA0E/Ol88zwMSPhQ4sttVl-G3wzGk4mtmmCl5gCLcBGAsYHQ/s643/Film%2BCapacitor%2BLifespan.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><img alt="Capacitor Lifespan Calculations" border="0" data-original-height="415" data-original-width="643" height="259" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ZijtW-Vjwyg/X5wUVKt0QgI/AAAAAAAAA0E/Ol88zwMSPhQ4sttVl-G3wzGk4mtmmCl5gCLcBGAsYHQ/w400-h259/Film%2BCapacitor%2BLifespan.png" title="Film Capacitor Lifespan" width="400" /></span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Film Capacitor Lifespan</span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 12pt;">Below is the formula for calculations
of lifespan of film capacitors.</span><p></p><p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Le = Ll x (Vr/Va)⁷ x 2ˣ</span></p><p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Where;</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Le = Expected lifespan of film
capacitor in the application.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Ll = Load lifespan rating of film
capacitor.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">X = (Tm – Ta – ΔT)/10</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">ΔT = I² x ESR / (B x A)</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Tm = Film capacitor’s maximum
temperature rating.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Ta = Ambient temperature of the
application.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">ΔT = Temperature rise because of the
ripple current.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">I = Ripple current applied to the film
capacitor.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">ESR = Equivalent series resistance of film
capacitor at application frequency.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">B = Thermal constant.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">A = Surface are of the film capacitor.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Vr = Capacitor’s rated voltage.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Va = Applied voltage.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></p>
<h4 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #ffa400; font-family: georgia; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><b>6) Supercapacitor lifespan</b></span></h4>
<p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Super capacitors have two layers of same
material to store the electric charges, instead of a conventional dielectric
component.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></p><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-_Qspgfq8HE8/X5wUlnA0xRI/AAAAAAAAA0M/gYrfxCxM5UwNJ31zLg30Ib5kO59o1PzDgCLcBGAsYHQ/s600/Supercapacitor%2BLifespan.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><img alt="Capacitor Lifespan Calculations" border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="600" height="200" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-_Qspgfq8HE8/X5wUlnA0xRI/AAAAAAAAA0M/gYrfxCxM5UwNJ31zLg30Ib5kO59o1PzDgCLcBGAsYHQ/w200-h200/Supercapacitor%2BLifespan.png" title="Supercapacitor Lifespan" width="200" /></span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Supercapacitor Lifespan</span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 12pt;">Below is the formula for calculations
of lifespan of super capacitors.</span><p></p><p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Le = Ll x 2ˣ x 2</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;">ʸ</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Where;</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Le = Expected lifespan of supercapacitor
in the application.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Ll = Load lifespan rating of the supercapacitor.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">X = (Tm – Ta)/10</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Y = (Vr – Va)/0.2</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Tm = Supercapacitor’s maximum
temperature rating.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Ta = Ambient temperature of the
application.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Vr = Supercapacitor’s rated voltage.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Va = In the application, maximum
applied voltage on the supercapacitor.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Below links of past articles from this
blog will give you more details about capacitors;</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><b>"<a href="https://www.powerelectronicstalks.com/2019/05/capacitor.html" target="_blank">Capacitor working</a>"</b></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><b>"<a href="https://www.powerelectronicstalks.com/2020/04/types-of-capacitor.html" target="_blank">Types of Capacitor</a>"</b></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><b>"<a href="https://www.powerelectronicstalks.com/2019/06/capacitor-and-uses-of-capacitor.html" target="_blank">Uses of Capacitor</a>"</b></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></p>
<h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #ffa400; font-family: georgia; font-size: medium; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><b>Conclusion</b></span></h3>
<p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Calculation of capacitor lifespan will
help designers to estimate product lifespan. These calculations will help them
to select better capacitors for their designs.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></p>
</div>Adminhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12743833901137477565noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6408332436287516652.post-12897966741056238372020-07-31T01:09:00.002-07:002021-12-12T07:18:39.357-08:00Toroid Core Permeability Calculation<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<h1 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #ffa400; font-family: georgia;"><b>Relative Permeability Calculation of Toroid Core</b></span></h1><div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia;">
By below mentioned calculations we can easily find unknown relative permeability of a toroid core. Which will help you to find the working frequency level of the toroid core.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: orange; font-family: georgia;">What is Relative Permeability?</span></h3>
<div><span style="font-family: georgia;">
Relative permeability defines that how the existence of a specific material affects the relationship between flux density and the magnetic field strength. The word 'relative' states that the permeability is defined in relation to the permeability of a vacuum.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: orange; font-family: georgia;">What is Initial Permeability?</span></h3><span style="font-family: georgia;">
Initial permeability defines the relative permeability of a material at low values of the Magnetic Flux Density (i.e. below 0.1 Tesla). Low flux has the benefit that every ferrite can be easily measured at that density without risk of the saturation.<br />
<br />
</span><div><span style="font-family: georgia;">
Comparison of different ferrite material can be easily done by with the help of permeability.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
<h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: georgia;">Permeability Calculation of Toroid Core</span></h3>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><b>Step No. 1:</b> Find the AL value with the help of test winding. Wind several turns of copper wire on the core, or if you take out the core from a circuit then use an existing winding.<br />
<br />
Record the measured inductance value. Convert it in Nano-Henry.<br />
Then count the number of turns i.e. N.<br />
<br />
Then AL value can be calculated by:<br />
<br />
AL = L/N²<br />
<br />
The above formula can be re-arranged to calculate the required number of turns for a particular inductance as mentioned below;<br />
<br />
N = √ (L/ AL)<br />
<br />
It can be further re-arranged to give inductance (nH) for a particular number of turns as mentioned below;<br />
<br />
L = AL N²<br />
<br />
Further steps will help to identify the actual used core material; by which we can easily find the range of frequencies over which it is useful or works.<br />
<br />
Permeability can be calculate using the method given in the below steps.<br />
</span><div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><b>Step No. 2:</b> Below diagram is of toroid core. First measure the toroid core dimensions in millimetre.<br />
</span><div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-j4vUaFMViz0/XyKfaBUi2AI/AAAAAAAAAy0/Ocy46yTH72kmxGGiPssi8-hjVjMwrtRrgCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Toroid%2BCore.PNG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><img alt="Toroid Core Permeability Calculation" border="0" data-original-height="257" data-original-width="419" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-j4vUaFMViz0/XyKfaBUi2AI/AAAAAAAAAy0/Ocy46yTH72kmxGGiPssi8-hjVjMwrtRrgCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Toroid%2BCore.PNG" title="Toroid Core" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Toroid Core</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div><span style="font-family: georgia;">
Where,</span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;">
Inside diameter = ID<br />
Outside diameter = OD<br />
Height = ht.<br />
</span><div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<b><span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><b>Step No. 3:</b> Calculate the core cross sectional area Ae and the magnetic path length Le.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br />
Cross sectional area is given by:<br />
</span><div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
<div><span style="font-family: georgia;">
Ae = [(OD-ID) h / 2]-πr²</span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br />
The magnetic path length is given by:<br />
<br />
Le = [(OD-ID) π] / 2<br />
</span><div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<b><span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><b>Step No. 4:</b> Calculate relative permeability μr:</span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br />
μr = (AL Le) / (0.4 π Ae)<br />
<br />
By placing the formulas of Ae and Le, the formula of μr can also be written as:<br />
<br />
μr = AL{(OD+ID) / [0.4ht(OD-ID)-0.8πr²]}<br />
<br />
Mostly in datasheet the ferrite manufacturers provide the details of initial permeability μi, which for most practical purposes are the same as the value calculated for relative permeability μr.<br />
<br />
Further we can also calculate the permeability of a core with air gap: effective permeability.<br />
It can be calculated by below formula;<br />
<br />
μe= μr/ {[(igap/icore)μr] + 1}<br />
<br />
Where,<br />
1 = Permeability of air gap<br />
igap = gap length<br />
icore = length of the core<br />
</span><div><span style="font-family: georgia;">
μr = relative permeability</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br />
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<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">
To know more about ferrite please visit;</span></div>
</div>
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<b><a href="https://www.powerelectronicstalks.com/2020/05/how-do-ferrite-core-works.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: georgia;">How do Ferrite Core Works</span></a></b></div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><b></b><i></i><u></u><sub></sub><sup></sup><strike></strike><u></u><u></u><br />
<b><span style="color: #000120;"><a href="https://www.powerelectronicstalks.com/2020/05/ferrite-core-selection.html" target="_blank">Ferrite Core Selection</a></span></b><br />
<a href="https://www.powerelectronicstalks.com/2020/05/ferrite-core-selection.html" target="_blank"></a><u></u><u></u><br /></span></div>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: orange; font-family: georgia;">Conclusion</span></h3><span style="font-family: georgia;">
Permeability of a material helps to define the working frequency of that ferrite material. The calculations mentioned above can help us to find the permeability of an unknown material. Even by using above formulas you can easily calculate number of turns, AL value and inductance.<br /></span>
<br /></div>
Adminhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12743833901137477565noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6408332436287516652.post-52543417555769512312020-06-16T11:53:00.004-07:002023-04-15T02:00:36.593-07:00Ferrite Core Selection<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><br style="font-family: georgia;" /><h2 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: orange; font-family: georgia;">Ferrite Core Selection</span></h2><span style="font-family: georgia;">Ferrite core selection is also an important step in electronics circuit design process, same like selection of other components. </span><span style="font-family: georgia;">Below steps will clear the process of ferrite core selection;</span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><br />
<br />
</span><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: georgia;">Shape of cores</span></h3><span style="font-family: georgia;">
• Effective cross sectional area and Effective magnetic path length of ferrite core are the main parameters of ferrite core for deciding shape of cores.<br />
<br />
</span><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-_kdYGTXWcRE/Xr5KTiYJnnI/AAAAAAAAAwg/6xRQYGST7sEwpByZ9QjYH9X-_s-dS3mowCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/How%2Bto%2BSelect%2Ba%2BFerrite%2BCore%2B-%2BAe%2Band%2BLe%2Bvalue.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><img alt="Ferrite core selection" border="0" data-original-height="301" data-original-width="308" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-_kdYGTXWcRE/Xr5KTiYJnnI/AAAAAAAAAwg/6xRQYGST7sEwpByZ9QjYH9X-_s-dS3mowCLcBGAsYHQ/s16000/How%2Bto%2BSelect%2Ba%2BFerrite%2BCore%2B-%2BAe%2Band%2BLe%2Bvalue.png" title="How to Select a Ferrite Core" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr>
</tbody></table><span style="font-family: georgia;">
• Cross section area (Ae) should be large and Magnetic path length (Le) should be small.<br />
<br />
• Impedance of ferrite core depends on shape of ferrite core.<br />
<br />
• Formula for calculating inductance using Ae and Le is;<br />
<br />
L = N²µ (Ae / Le)<br />
<br />
</span><div><span style="font-family: georgia;">
Where;</span></div>
<div><span style="font-family: georgia;">
N = Number of wire turns</span></div><span style="font-family: georgia;">
µ = Permeability<br />
<br />
• As an example if we compare shown ferrite cores, core A (it’s Ae is large) is the best performing as compare to core B.<br />
<br />
</span><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/--BqRwZZtF5I/Xr5KktsyknI/AAAAAAAAAwo/VCvqCfhd2loytW475-6CKDR70eNm3iICwCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/How%2Bto%2BSelect%2Ba%2BFerrite%2BCore%2B-%2BShape%2Bof%2BCore.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><img alt="Ferrite core selection" border="0" data-original-height="219" data-original-width="246" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/--BqRwZZtF5I/Xr5KktsyknI/AAAAAAAAAwo/VCvqCfhd2loytW475-6CKDR70eNm3iICwCLcBGAsYHQ/s16000/How%2Bto%2BSelect%2Ba%2BFerrite%2BCore%2B-%2BShape%2Bof%2BCore.png" title="How to Select a Ferrite Core" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr>
</tbody></table><span style="font-family: georgia;">
• Core A has the highest impedance as compare to core B.<br />
<br />
</span><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: georgia;">Winding turns on a core</span></h3><span style="font-family: georgia;">
• Impedance can be increase by number of turns within a core increase.<br />
<br />
• If the working frequency is under 200MHz, ferrite core supporting lower frequency should be use. Also we can set turns.<br />
<br />
• If the target frequency is over 200MHz, adding more ferrite cores or use a ferrite core which support’s higher frequency.<br />
<br />
• We have to keep winding turns less, because more turns can create problem of stray capacitance.<br />
<br />
• When working at higher frequency, this stray capacitance decreases impedance.<br />
<br />
• This stray capacitance generates between individual wire turns of the coil. It didn’t cause energy loss but change behavior of coil by causing the coil to become self-resonant.<br />
<br />
• More turns, more stray capacitance.<br />
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</span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-e4HAO56QtxA/Xr5KypeC4SI/AAAAAAAAAws/sneDPLe-e2kKjV3vmax2qMPhlTbKgtPfwCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Stray%2Bcapacitance%2Bin%2Bbetween%2Bwinding.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><img alt="Ferrite core selection" border="0" data-original-height="227" data-original-width="261" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-e4HAO56QtxA/Xr5KypeC4SI/AAAAAAAAAws/sneDPLe-e2kKjV3vmax2qMPhlTbKgtPfwCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Stray%2Bcapacitance%2Bin%2Bbetween%2Bwinding.png" title="Stray capacitance in between winding" /></span></a></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br />
</span><div><span style="font-family: georgia;">
To know more about ferrite please visit;</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<b><a href="https://www.powerelectronicstalks.com/2020/05/how-do-ferrite-core-works.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: georgia;">How do Ferrite Core Works</span></a></b></div>
<div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: orange; font-family: georgia;">Conclusion</span></h3><span style="font-family: georgia;">
Important role in noise suppression is played by ferrite. Proper selection of ferrite will solve all the issues related to design and make circuit design easy.</span><br /></div>
Adminhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12743833901137477565noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6408332436287516652.post-20453875699141879272020-05-15T00:43:00.000-07:002020-05-15T00:43:14.464-07:00How do Ferrite Core Works<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
Ferrite core is widely used component in electronic circuit. Working principle of ferrite core or ferrite bead will clear its importance in a circuit.<br />
<br />
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: orange;">How do Ferrite Core Works?</span></h2>
• Ferrite suppress noise without ground. It didn’t discharge the noise to the ground.<br />
<br />
• When a wire pass through a ferrite core, it generates magnetic field.<br />
<br />
• This magnetic field concentrate inside the ferrite core, and produce magnetic flux in the core.<br />
<br />
• This magnetic energy is converted to the heat and it becomes magnetic loss of ferrite.<br />
<br />
• Hence, noise is removed from the signal.<br />
<br />
See below image to understand ferrite working;<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-JhlomFjRZak/Xr5EcG5KwpI/AAAAAAAAAwA/ntx960EnwYQ9Qm4Z-qBTJb8C3OgmoBB7wCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/How%2Ba%2BFerrite%2BWorks.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Working of Ferrite" border="0" data-original-height="285" data-original-width="491" height="232" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-JhlomFjRZak/Xr5EcG5KwpI/AAAAAAAAAwA/ntx960EnwYQ9Qm4Z-qBTJb8C3OgmoBB7wCLcBGAsYHQ/s400/How%2Ba%2BFerrite%2BWorks.png" title="How do Ferrite Core Works" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">How a Ferrite Works</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: orange;">Placing a ferrite on both Signal and Ground</span></h3>
• We can place ferrite core on both signal and ground.<br />
<br />
• Common mode noise is in same direction so they don’t cancel each other. They are converted in magnetic flux and then to heat.<br />
<br />
• Differential mode noise goes in through signal line and return back through ground line and hence cancels each other i.e. the current in the wire opposing to each other.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-arPHRHPVc1Q/Xr5FWVFmUII/AAAAAAAAAwM/Ol-jIBak2Rkr8zN6yI9__2xMU_ygkBXEwCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Placing%2Ba%2Bferrite%2Bon%2Bboth%2BSignal%2Band%2BGround.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="How do ferrite core works" border="0" data-original-height="319" data-original-width="689" height="185" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-arPHRHPVc1Q/Xr5FWVFmUII/AAAAAAAAAwM/Ol-jIBak2Rkr8zN6yI9__2xMU_ygkBXEwCLcBGAsYHQ/s400/Placing%2Ba%2Bferrite%2Bon%2Bboth%2BSignal%2Band%2BGround.png" title="Placing a ferrite on both Signal and Ground" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Placing a ferrite on both Signal and Ground</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: orange;">Placement of an individual ferrite on Signal and individual ferrite on Ground</span></h3>
• Here an individual ferrite is placed on the signal and an individual ferrite on ground.<br />
<br />
• Common mode noise is in same direction so they don’t cancel each other. They are converted in magnetic flux and then to heat.<br />
<br />
• In differential mode, this attachment is effective because the currents do not cancel each other. Noise is converted to magnetic flux and then to heat.<br />
<br />
• Here as in differential mode no current cancels and if large current comes, then core will go in saturation.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-G9RVJK7UGYk/Xr5Fw5eWiTI/AAAAAAAAAwU/xtusBIKJUSUDPmywhi2Z0NPyM-1NWXj4QCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Placement%2Bof%2Ba%2Bindividual%2Bferrite%2Bon%2BSignal%2Band%2Bindividual%2Bferrite%2Bon%2BGround.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="How do ferrite core works" border="0" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="607" height="328" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-G9RVJK7UGYk/Xr5Fw5eWiTI/AAAAAAAAAwU/xtusBIKJUSUDPmywhi2Z0NPyM-1NWXj4QCLcBGAsYHQ/s400/Placement%2Bof%2Ba%2Bindividual%2Bferrite%2Bon%2BSignal%2Band%2Bindividual%2Bferrite%2Bon%2BGround.png" title="Placement of a individual ferrite on Signal and individual ferrite on Ground" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Placement of a individual ferrite on Signal and individual ferrite on Ground</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
To know more about ferrite please visit;<br />
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<a href="https://www.powerelectronicstalks.com/2018/09/ferrite-structure-and-ferrite-properties.html" target="_blank">Ferrite, Ferrite Structure and Ferrite Properties</a></div>
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: orange;">Conclusion</span></h3>
Ferrite plays important role in noise suppression. While designing a circuit, working principle of ferrite will help in proper selection of ferrite and also help in its proper placement in the circuit.<br />
<br /></div>
Adminhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12743833901137477565noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6408332436287516652.post-3954300467827862212020-04-27T04:15:00.003-07:002022-01-03T23:03:12.281-08:00Types of Capacitor<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br />
Capacitors are most commonly used component in most of electronic circuits. Whatever <b>Types of Capacitor</b> and its capacitance value, a correct selection of capacitor resolves many issues in a circuit application. <br />
<br />
Please visit below links of my previous blogs to get more details about <b>Capacitor</b>; <br />
<br />
"<a href="https://www.powerelectronicstalks.com/2019/05/capacitor.html" style="background-color: white;" target="_blank">Capacitor and Working of Capacitor</a>"<br />
<br />
"<a href="https://www.powerelectronicstalks.com/2019/06/capacitor-and-uses-of-capacitor.html" style="background-color: white;" target="_blank">Uses of Capacitor</a>"<br />
<br />
</span><div>
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="color: orange; font-family: georgia;">Different Types of Capacitors and Their Applications</span></b></h2><span style="font-family: georgia;">
There are many Types of Capacitor and according to the advantages, disadvantages and applications we can select <b>capacitor type</b> and capacitance value. In this article, we will discuss about different <b>Types of Capacitor</b>.<br />
<br />
</span><h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><b><span style="color: orange;">Ceramic capacitors</span></b> </span></h3><span style="font-family: georgia;">
Ceramic capacitors are non-polarized fixed capacitors. They are made by two layers or some times more than two layers of ceramic and metal. Here finely powdered granules of ceramic material are used as dielectric and both the side two metal electrodes are attached. <br />
<br />
</span><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-CS-SA5f3f_U/XTmEtlYn4aI/AAAAAAAAAjk/W1X5T4sMWZAoGuNXVSNY20UfBeJqRTjtwCLcBGAs/s1600/Ceramic%2BCapacitors.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><img alt="Types of Capacitor" border="0" data-original-height="550" data-original-width="748" height="468" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-CS-SA5f3f_U/XTmEtlYn4aI/AAAAAAAAAjk/W1X5T4sMWZAoGuNXVSNY20UfBeJqRTjtwCLcBGAs/s640/Ceramic%2BCapacitors.jpg" title="Ceramic Capacitors" width="640" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Ceramic Capacitors</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><b><span style="color: orange;">Type of Capacitor</span></b> – Class 1 Ceramic </span></h4>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="color: orange;"><b>Used Dielectric Material</b></span> – Para-electric ceramic combination of Titanium dioxide amended by additives. <br />
<b><span style="color: orange;">Advantages</span></b> – These types of capacitors gives predictable linear and low capacitance value change with working temperature. These capacitor types have superb high frequency characteristics with low losses. <br />
<b><span style="color: orange;">Drawbacks</span></b> – Used ceramic have low permittivity, low volumetric efficiency these types of capacitors have, compare to Class2 capacitors these have larger dimensions. <br />
<b><span style="color: orange;">Applications</span></b> – These capacitors can be use for temperature compensation in resonant circuit. These capacitors can support voltages up to 15,000V. <br />
<br />
</span><h4 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><b><span style="color: orange;">Type of Capacitor</span></b> – Class 2 Ceramic </span></h4>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><b><span style="color: orange;">Used Dielectric Material</span></b> – Ferroelectric ceramic mixture of Barium Titanate and appropriate additives <br />
<b><span style="color: orange;">Advantages</span></b> – These types of capacitors have high permittivity and high volumetric efficiency. These capacitors are smaller in dimensions as compare to Class 1 ceramic capacitors. These are available in voltages up to 50,000V. <br />
<b><span style="color: orange;">Drawbacks</span></b> – As compare to Class 1 ceramic these capacitors have lower stability and higher losses. Capacitance of these capacitor changes with change in the applied voltage, frequency and aging effects. These are slightly microphonic. Microphonics or microphony defines the process or phenomenon where some components in electronic devices change mechanical vibrations into an undesired electrical signal i.e. noise. <br />
<b><span style="color: orange;">Applications</span></b> – Applications of these capacitors are mostly for buffer, for by-pass and also used as coupling capacitor. <br />
<br />
</span><h3 style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="color: orange; font-family: georgia;">Film capacitors </span></b></h3><span style="font-family: georgia;">
Film capacitors or plastic film capacitors have no polarity. This capacitor type uses thin layer of an insulating plastic film as the dielectric. This thin dielectric film wound in cylindrical shape and at both the side metallic electrodes is attached. <br />
<br />
</span><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-USJoxv1u1AU/XTmE6ttyITI/AAAAAAAAAjo/oZev0GpRiugz8fezn6ObgzVyaBlwuG-nACLcBGAs/s1600/Film%2BCapacitors.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><img alt="Types of Capacitor" border="0" data-original-height="598" data-original-width="976" height="392" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-USJoxv1u1AU/XTmE6ttyITI/AAAAAAAAAjo/oZev0GpRiugz8fezn6ObgzVyaBlwuG-nACLcBGAs/s640/Film%2BCapacitors.jpg" title="Film Capacitors" width="640" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Film Capacitors</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><b><span style="color: orange;">Type of Capacitor</span></b> – Film/foil based film capacitors </span></h4>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><b><span style="color: orange;">Used Dielectric Material</span></b> – Polypropylene (PP), Polyester (PET), Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) <br />
<b><span style="color: orange;">Advantages</span></b> – These capacitors can sustain highest surge ratings/pulse voltages. As compare to metallized types here peak currents are higher. <br />
<b><span style="color: orange;">Drawbacks</span></b> – These capacitors don’t have self-healing properties. These capacitors have larger dimensions than metallized film capacitors. <br />
<b><span style="color: orange;">Applications</span></b> – These capacitors are widely used in power electronics applications like DC Link, DC output filtering and as IGBT snubbers. <br />
<br />
</span><h4 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><b><span style="color: orange;">Type of Capacitor</span></b> – Metallized film capacitors </span></h4>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><b><span style="color: orange;">Used Dielectric Material</span></b> – Polypropylene (PP), Polyester (PET), Polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), Polyphenylene Sulfide (PPS), Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) <br />
<b><span style="color: orange;">Advantages</span></b> – These capacitors are considerably smaller in size as compare to film/foil types and these capacitors have self-healing characteristics. <br />
<b><span style="color: orange;">Drawbacks</span></b> – Thin metallized electrodes limits the full current carrying ability of these capacitors. <br />
<b><span style="color: orange;">Applications</span></b> – These capacitors are widely used in power electronics applications like DC Link, DC output filtering and as IGBT snubbers. <br />
<br />
</span><h4 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><b><span style="color: orange;">Type of Capacitor</span></b> – Polypropylene (PP) film capacitors </span></h4>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><b><span style="color: orange;">Used Dielectric Material</span></b> – Polypropylene <br />
<b><span style="color: orange;">Advantages</span></b> – This dielectric is most common film for capacitor. Here in these capacitors low capacitance change with operating temperature. Class – 1 application like frequency-determining circuits and precision analog applications these capacitors are suitable. Capacitance range in these capacitors is in narrow range and have low dissipation factor. Advantage of low moisture absorption makes it suitable for the designs where coating is not needed. Also these capacitors have high insulation resistance. <br />
<b><span style="color: orange;">Drawbacks</span></b> – These capacitors have maximum operating temperature of 105 °C and also have relatively low permittivity of 2.2. As compare to other capacitors these capacitors are larger than other film capacitors. For pulsed power applications these capacitors mostly damaged from transient over-voltages or voltage reversals as compare to MKV-capacitors. <br />
<b><span style="color: orange;">Applications</span></b> – Mostly these capacitors are used in high power applications such as snubber or IGBT and in AC power applications for power factor correction in motors. We can see these capacitors in high frequency and high power applications like induction heating. Also they are used for safety/EMI suppression. <br />
<br />
</span><h4 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><b><span style="color: orange;">Type of Capacitor</span></b> – Polyethylene naphthalate (PEN) film capacitors </span></h4>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><b><span style="color: orange;">Used Dielectric Material</span></b> – Polyethylene naphthalate (Kaladex®) <br />
<b><span style="color: orange;">Advantages </span></b>– As compare to PET capacitors these capacitors are more stable at high temperatures. More appropriate for high temperature applications. <br />
<b><span style="color: orange;">Drawbacks</span></b> – As compare to PET capacitors they have lower relative permittivity and lower dielectric strength, which results in larger dimensions for a capacitance value and rated voltage. <br />
<b><span style="color: orange;">Applications</span></b> – As temperature requirements are not important they are mainly used for non-critical filtering, coupling and decoupling. <br />
<br />
</span><h4 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><b><span style="color: orange;">Type of Capacitor</span></b> – Polyester (PET) film (Mylar) capacitors </span></h4>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><b><span style="color: orange;">Used Dielectric Material</span></b> – Polyester (Hostaphan®, Mylar®), Polyethylene terephthalate <br />
<b><span style="color: orange;">Advantages</span></b> – These capacitors are in smaller in size as compare to polypropylene film capacitors. Advantage of low moisture absorption makes them to appear in most DC applications. They can work up to 60,000Vdc. <br />
<b><span style="color: orange;">Drawbacks</span></b> – We can use them only for frequency application. Restricted use in power electronics because of higher losses, which appears because of increase in temperature and frequency. <br />
<b><span style="color: orange;">Applications </span></b>– They are mainly used for general purpose applications or semi-critical circuits with operating temperatures up to 125°C. <br />
<br />
</span><h4 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="color: orange;"><b>Type of Capacitor</b></span> – Polyphenylene Sulfide (PPS) film capacitors </span></h4>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><b><span style="color: orange;">Used Dielectric Material</span></b> – Polyphenylene (Torelina®) <br />
<b><span style="color: orange;">Advantages</span></b> – These capacitors have quality of small temperature dependency over the whole temperature range and also they have narrow frequency dependency in a wide frequency range. The dissipation factor of these capacitors is relatively small and steady. Working temperature of this capacitor is up to 270 °C. <br />
<b><span style="color: orange;">Drawbacks</span></b> – The dissipation factor increases when the temperature crosses 100°C, which further increases capacitor temperature, but it will not cause any critical problem and can work without degradation. Cost is usually higher than Polypropylene (PP) film capacitors. <br />
<b><span style="color: orange;">Applications</span></b> – Mostly suitable for SMD package application. <br />
<br />
</span><h4 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><b><span style="color: orange;">Type of Capacitor</span></b> – Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) capacitors (Teflon film capacitors) </span></h4>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><b><span style="color: orange;">Used Dielectric Material</span></b> – Polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon®) <br />
<b><span style="color: orange;">Advantages</span></b> – These capacitors have less loss and have working temperature up to 250°C. These capacitors have very high insulation resistance and good constancy. <br />
<b><span style="color: orange;">Drawbacks</span></b> – Because of low dielectric constant they have large size. As compare to other film capacitors these capacitors have high cost. <br />
<b><span style="color: orange;">Applications</span></b> – Used in critical applications. <br />
<br />
</span><h4 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><b><span style="color: orange;">Type of Capacitor</span></b> – Polystyrene (PS) film capacitors </span></h4>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><b><span style="color: orange;">Used Dielectric Material</span></b> – Polystyrene (Styroflex) <br />
<b><span style="color: orange;">Advantages</span></b> – This capacitor have good thermal stability and high insulation along with low distortion. <br />
<b><span style="color: orange;">Drawbacks</span></b> – As these capacitors are replaced by Polyester (PET) film (Mylar) capacitors so, limited manufacturers produce this capacitor. <br />
<b><span style="color: orange;">Applications</span></b> – Same like Polyester (PET) film (Mylar) capacitors <br />
<br />
</span><h4 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><b><span style="color: orange;">Type of Capacitor</span></b> – Polycarbonate (PC) film capacitors </span></h4>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><b><span style="color: orange;">Used Dielectric Material</span></b> – Polycarbonate <br />
<b><span style="color: orange;">Advantages</span></b> – Advantages are same like Polypropylene (PP) film capacitors. <br />
<b><span style="color: orange;">Drawbacks</span></b> – As these capacitors are replaced by Polypropylene (PP) film capacitors so, limited manufacturers produce this capacitor. <br />
<b><span style="color: orange;">Applications</span></b> – Same like Polypropylene (PP) film capacitors <br />
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</span><h4 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><b><span style="color: orange;">Type of Capacitor</span></b> – Polysulfone film capacitors </span></h4>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><b><span style="color: orange;">Used Dielectric Material</span></b> – Polysulfone <br />
<b><span style="color: orange;">Advantages</span></b> – Endure full voltage at relatively high temperatures. <br />
<b><span style="color: orange;">Drawbacks</span></b> – Only development and hard to find. <br />
<b><span style="color: orange;">Applications</span></b> – Same like Polycarbonate (PC) film capacitors and Polypropylene (PP) film capacitors <br />
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</span><h4 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><b><span style="color: orange;">Type of Capacitor</span></b> – Polyamide film capacitors </span></h4>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><b><span style="color: orange;">Used Dielectric Material</span></b> – Polyamide <br />
<b><span style="color: orange;">Advantages</span></b> – Operating temperatures of up to 200°C. High insulation resistance. Good stability. Low dissipation factor. <br />
<b><span style="color: orange;">Drawbacks</span></b> – Only development and hard to find. <br />
<b><span style="color: orange;">Applications</span></b> – These capacitors are used in critical applications. <br />
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</span><h4 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><b><span style="color: orange;">Type of Capacitor</span></b> – Polyimide film (Kapton) capacitors </span></h4>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><b><span style="color: orange;">Used Dielectric Material</span></b> – Polyimide (Kapton) <br />
<b><span style="color: orange;">Advantages</span></b> – Highest dielectric strength of any known plastic film dielectric. <br />
<b><span style="color: orange;">Drawbacks</span></b> – Only development and hard to find. <br />
<b><span style="color: orange;">Applications</span></b> – These capacitors are used in critical applications. <br />
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</span><h3 style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="color: orange; font-family: georgia;">Power film capacitors </span></b></h3><span style="font-family: georgia;">
The construction of this capacitor is same like normal film capacitors, but this type of capacitor supports high voltage application in electrical installations. As, it deals with high voltage and may cause safety risk to people and applications, a certification or product approval from local regulating authority is must needed. <br />
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</span><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-7H2RwAQxvVA/XTmFMB4rUDI/AAAAAAAAAj0/zDYpdVdfZdMY6LpQJXmH30ny1xgkLkEMwCLcBGAs/s1600/Power%2BFilm%2BCapacitors.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><img alt="Types of Capacitor" border="0" data-original-height="460" data-original-width="1075" height="272" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-7H2RwAQxvVA/XTmFMB4rUDI/AAAAAAAAAj0/zDYpdVdfZdMY6LpQJXmH30ny1xgkLkEMwCLcBGAs/s640/Power%2BFilm%2BCapacitors.jpg" title="Power Film Capacitors" width="640" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Power Film Capacitors</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><b><span style="color: orange;">Type of Capacitor</span></b> – Metallized paper power capacitors</span></h4>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><b><span style="color: orange;">Used Dielectric Material</span></b> – Paper impregnated with insulating oil or epoxy resin <br />
<b><span style="color: orange;">Advantages</span></b> – These capacitors supports self-healing. Mostly wax or oil is used but for high voltage applications oil-Kraft paper is used. <br />
<b><span style="color: orange;">Drawbacks</span></b> – Size of this capacitor is large and heavy as compare to PP dielectric. These capacitors are very hygroscopic i.e. it absorbs moisture from the air which causes dielectric losses and decreases insulation resistance. <br />
<b><span style="color: orange;">Applications</span></b> – High voltage applications and supports all Polypropylene (PP) film capacitor applications. <br />
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</span><h4 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><b><span style="color: orange;">Type of Capacitor</span></b> – Paper film/foil power capacitors </span></h4>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><b><span style="color: orange;">Used Dielectric Material</span></b> – Kraft paper impregnated with oil <br />
<b><span style="color: orange;">Advantages</span></b> – Low cost because of paper covered with metal foils as electrodes. <br />
<b><span style="color: orange;">Drawbacks</span></b> – Size of this capacitor is large and heavy as compare to PP dielectric. Not support self-healing. High stored energy may cause catastrophic failure. <br />
<b><span style="color: orange;">Applications</span></b> – These capacitors are used in the applications related to high discharge voltage. <br />
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</span><h4 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><b><span style="color: orange;">Type of Capacitor</span></b> – Single- or double-sided metallized PP power capacitors </span></h4>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><b><span style="color: orange;">Used Dielectric Material</span></b> – PP as dielectric, impregnated with insulating oil, epoxy resin or insulating gas. <br />
<b><span style="color: orange;">Advantages</span></b> – This capacitor supports high capacitance value and also heals it-self. <br />
<b><span style="color: orange;">Drawbacks</span></b> – This type of capacitor are not reliable for high voltage operation and very high inrush current loads. Supported heat resistance is 105°C. <br />
<b><span style="color: orange;">Applications</span></b> – This type of capacitors are used in general purpose applications, AC applications, motors, filtering, snubbing, series resonant DC circuits, DC discharge, AC commutation, power factor correction, AC damping and DC links. <br />
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</span><h4 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><b><span style="color: orange;">Type of Capacitor</span></b> – PP dielectric, field-free paper power capacitors (MKV power capacitors) </span></h4>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><b><span style="color: orange;">Used Dielectric Material</span></b> – Double-sided (field-free) metallized paper as electrode carrier. PP as dielectic, impregnated with insulating oil, epoxy resin or insulating gas. <br />
<b><span style="color: orange;">Advantages</span></b> – These capacitors supports self-healing and low losses. These have high insulation resistance and can sustain inrush current. <br />
<b><span style="color: orange;">Drawbacks</span></b> – Size of this capacitor is larger than PP power capacitors. <br />
<b><span style="color: orange;">Applications</span></b> – These types of capacitors are used in heavy duty applications like; commutating with high reactive power, high frequencies and high peak current load. <br />
<br />
</span><h4 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><b><span style="color: orange;">Type of Capacitor</span></b> – PP film/foil power capacitors </span></h4>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><b><span style="color: orange;">Used Dielectric Material</span></b> – Impregnated PP or insulating gas, epoxy resin or insulating gas, insulating oil <br />
<b><span style="color: orange;">Advantages</span></b> – It can sustain highest inrush current. <br />
<b><span style="color: orange;">Drawbacks</span></b> – Size of this capacitor is more as compare to the PP metallized versions and also didn’t heal it-self. <br />
<b><span style="color: orange;">Applications</span></b> – This type of capacitors are used in general purpose applications, AC applications, motors, filtering, snubbing, series resonant DC circuits, DC discharge, AC commutation, power factor correction, AC damping and DC links. <br />
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</span><h3 style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="color: orange; font-family: georgia;">Electrolytic capacitors </span></b></h3><span style="font-family: georgia;">
Electrolytic capacitors are polarised capacitors and for proper identification negative (-) sign is marked on the capacitor body. These types of capacitor are generally used when very high capacitance values are needed. <br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-WH9rDEd7164/XTmFnUDHAxI/AAAAAAAAAkA/gNvy0v3XjJwMgv_854WgXuSuIRuE74kDACLcBGAs/s1600/Electrolytic%2BCapacitors.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><img alt="Types of Capacitor" border="0" data-original-height="434" data-original-width="590" height="470" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-WH9rDEd7164/XTmFnUDHAxI/AAAAAAAAAkA/gNvy0v3XjJwMgv_854WgXuSuIRuE74kDACLcBGAs/s640/Electrolytic%2BCapacitors.jpg" title="Electrolytic Capacitors" width="640" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Electrolytic Capacitors</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table><span style="font-family: georgia;">
This capacitor type has a metal anode concealed with an oxidized layer which is used as dielectric material. The second electrode is in the form of non-solid or semi-liquid or solid electrolyte. This is usually the cathode.<br />
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The dielectric is a very thin layer of oxide sometimes less than ten microns. Because of this there is very small distance between plates and hence we can get large capacitance value with small size of capacitor. <br />
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</span><h4 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><b><span style="color: orange;">Type of Capacitor</span></b> <span style="font-weight: 400;">–</span> Electrolytic capacitors with non-solid (wet, liquid) electrolyte </span></h4>
</div>
<div><span style="font-family: georgia;">
In this there are two types of dielectric materials are used; <br />
<br />
1st Type;<br />
<br />
<b><span style="color: orange;">Used Dielectric Material</span></b> – Aluminium oxide Al2O3 <br />
<b><span style="color: orange;">Advantages</span></b> – These capacitors are available with high capacitance which ranges up to 2,700,000µF. Voltage level is available from 6.3V to 550 V. Cost varies from low to high as according to capacitance and voltage value. <br />
<b><span style="color: orange;">Drawbacks</span></b> – These capacitors have polarized connections and have leakage. These capacitors have high ESR and ESL values which limits its use in high ripple current and high frequency uses. Because of drying out characteristic we have to perform lifetime calculation. It burst when it is overheated, overloaded or wrongly connected (polarity connection). <br />
<b><span style="color: orange;">Applications</span></b> – These capacitors are used where the low losses and high capacitance constancy are not important criteria, particularly for lower frequencies applications like coupling, by-pass, smoothing and buffer applications in switched mode power supplies and DC-links. <br />
<br />
2nd Type;<br />
<br />
<b><span style="color: orange;">Used Dielectric Material</span></b> – Tantalum pentoxide Ta2O5 <br />
<b><span style="color: orange;">Advantages</span></b> – Wet tantalum electrolytic capacitors (wet slug) have lowest leakage among all electrolytes. It supports voltage level up to 630V (tantalum film) or 125V (tantalum sinter body). These are sealed hermetically sealed. <br />
<b><span style="color: orange;">Drawbacks</span></b> – These capacitors have polarized connections and are costly. Burst when voltage, ripple current or slew rates are surpassed or under reverse voltage. <br />
<b><span style="color: orange;">Applications</span></b> – Military and space applications. <br />
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</span><h4 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><b><span style="color: orange;">Type of Capacitor</span></b> <span style="font-weight: 400;">–</span> Electrolytic capacitors with solid Manganese dioxide electrolyte </span></h4>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><b><span style="color: orange;">Used Dielectric Material</span></b> – Aluminium oxide Al2O3, Tantalum pentoxide Ta2O5, Niobium pentoxide Nb2O5. <br />
<b><span style="color: orange;">Advantages</span></b> – These capacitors give constant electrical parameters and good temperature performance for long-term. <br />
<b><span style="color: orange;">Drawbacks</span></b> – These capacitors have polarized connections and supports voltage level only up to 125V. These capacitors support limited transient, reverse or surge voltage. <br />
<b><span style="color: orange;">Applications</span></b> – These capacitors are used for smoothing and buffering application in power supplies. <br />
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</span><h4 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><b><span style="color: orange;">Type of Capacitor</span></b> <span style="font-weight: 400;">–</span> Electrolytic capacitors with solid Polymer electrolyte (Polymer capacitors) </span></h4>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><b><span style="color: orange;">Used Dielectric Material</span></b> – Aluminium oxide Al2O3, Tantalum pentoxide Ta2O5, Niobium pentoxide Nb2O5. <br />
<b><span style="color: orange;">Advantages</span></b> – These capacitors have less ESR as compared to manganese or non-solid (wet) electrolytes. They have higher ripple current ratings which increases operational life. They support stable electrical parameters along with self-healing. <br />
<b><span style="color: orange;">Drawbacks</span></b> – These capacitors have polarized connections and have highest leakage current among electrolytes. They are costly and limit voltage level up to 100V. If voltage, current, or slew rates are exceeded or under reverse voltage these capacitors may explode. <br />
<b><span style="color: orange;">Applications</span></b> – These capacitors are used for smoothing and buffering application in power supplies. <br />
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</span><h3 style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="color: orange; font-family: georgia;">Supercapacitors </span></b></h3><span style="font-family: georgia;">
The supercapacitor, also sometimes called as ultracapacitor or electric double-layer capacitor (ELDC). Also, we can hear name as pseudocapacitors and hybrid capacitors. This type of capacitor is from a family of electrochemical capacitors and has very high capacitance. They don't have a normal used solid dielectric. <br />
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</span><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-W-wsPKT0Fg0/XTmF6nuci_I/AAAAAAAAAkI/OupyctDOdmIgfz-p8K2i6j_vwqW7rsBjQCLcBGAs/s1600/Supercapacitors.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><img alt="Types of Capacitor" border="0" data-original-height="371" data-original-width="847" height="280" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-W-wsPKT0Fg0/XTmF6nuci_I/AAAAAAAAAkI/OupyctDOdmIgfz-p8K2i6j_vwqW7rsBjQCLcBGAs/s640/Supercapacitors.jpg" title="Supercapacitors" width="640" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Supercapacitors</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><b><span style="color: orange;">Type of Capacitor</span></b> - Supercapacitors Pseudo-capacitors</span></h4>
</div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><b><span style="color: orange;">Used Dielectric Material</span></b> – Helmholtz double-layer plus faradaic pseudo-capacitance <br />
<b><span style="color: orange;">Advantages</span></b> – These are more like batteries as these have energy density typically from tens to hundreds of times more than nominal electrolytic capacitors. The capacitance value we can get in thousands of farads along with low ESR. They rapidly absorb and deliver much more currents as compare to batteries and support hundreds of thousands of charge and discharge cycles. <br />
<b><span style="color: orange;">Drawbacks</span></b> – These capacitors have polarized connection and have low operating voltage per cell, but stacked cells provide higher operating voltage. They come with high price. <br />
<b><span style="color: orange;">Applications</span></b> – These capacitors are used for RAM memory backup, short-term power during battery replacement and hybrid vehicles. <br />
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</span><h4 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><b><span style="color: orange;">Type of Capacitor</span></b> <span style="font-weight: 400;">–</span> Hybrid capacitors Lithium ion capacitors (LIC) </span></h4>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><b><span style="color: orange;">Used Dielectric Material</span></b> – Helmholtz double-layer plus faradaic pseudo-capacitance. Lithium ions are use to dope anode. <br />
<b><span style="color: orange;">Advantages</span></b> – These capacitors support higher operating voltage and higher energy density. These are smaller than lithium ion batteries. Also, there are no thermal runaway reactions. <br />
<b><span style="color: orange;">Drawbacks</span></b> – These capacitors have polarized connection and have low operating voltage per cell, but stacked cells provide higher operating voltage. Also have high price. <br />
<b><span style="color: orange;">Applications</span></b> – These capacitors are used for RAM memory backup, short-term power during battery replacement and hybrid vehicles. <br />
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</span><h3 style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="color: orange; font-family: georgia;">Class X and Class Y capacitors </span></b></h3><span style="font-family: georgia;">
Whenever Lightning strikes happen it causes high voltage surges in mains power. Class X and Class Y safety capacitors safeguard humans and electronic devices from high voltage surges by moving the high surge voltage to the ground.<br />
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</span><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/--B9ge9u1XE0/XTmGG_6wXgI/AAAAAAAAAkM/Acj8-qlNKLQVhL0hCbdLaMBp_5LOxknqQCLcBGAs/s1600/Class%2BX%2Band%2BClass%2BY%2BCapacitors.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><img alt="Types of Capacitor" border="0" data-original-height="1008" data-original-width="1396" height="462" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/--B9ge9u1XE0/XTmGG_6wXgI/AAAAAAAAAkM/Acj8-qlNKLQVhL0hCbdLaMBp_5LOxknqQCLcBGAs/s640/Class%2BX%2Band%2BClass%2BY%2BCapacitors.jpg" title="Class X and Class Y Capacitors" width="640" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Class X and Class Y Capacitors</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table><span style="font-family: georgia;">
Class X and Class Y should be connect in the circuit in a pre-define manner as mentioned in the safety regulations.<br />
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</span><h4 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><b><span style="color: orange;">Type of Capacitor</span></b> <span style="font-weight: 400;">–</span> Class X and Class Y </span></h4>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><b><span style="color: orange;">Used Dielectric Material </span></b>– Any dielectric could be used. Normally ceramic or plastic film is used mostly. <br />
<b><span style="color: orange;">Advantages</span></b> – It provides galvanic isolation even when the capacitor fails. <br />
<b><span style="color: orange;">Drawbacks</span></b> – Very high cost. <br />
<b><span style="color: orange;">Applications</span></b> – RFI/EMI suppression. <br />
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</span><h3 style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="color: orange; font-family: georgia;">Miscellaneous capacitors </span></b></h3><span style="font-family: georgia;">
These are some newly developed or special application specific designed capacitors. <br />
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</span><h4 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><b><span style="color: orange;">Type of Capacitor</span></b> – Air gap capacitors </span></h4>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><b><span style="color: orange;">Used Dielectric Material</span></b> - Air <br />
<b><span style="color: orange;">Advantages</span></b> – These capacitors have low dielectric losses. <br />
<b><span style="color: orange;">Drawbacks</span></b> – These capacitors are large in size and have low capacitance. <br />
<b><span style="color: orange;">Applications</span></b> – They are used for resonating circuits for high power high frequency welding. <br />
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</span><h4 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><b><span style="color: orange;">Type of Capacitor</span></b> – Vacuum capacitors </span></h4>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><b><span style="color: orange;">Used Dielectric Material</span></b> – Vacuum <br />
<b><span style="color: orange;">Advantages</span></b> – These capacitors support very low losses. If arc-over current is limited then they can self-heal. <br />
<b><span style="color: orange;">Drawbacks</span></b> – Very high cost and are fragile. Comparatively they have low capacitance. <br />
<b><span style="color: orange;">Applications</span></b> – These capacitors we can see in applications related to high voltage, high power RF applications; like transmitters and induction heating. <br />
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</span><h4 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><b><span style="color: orange;">Type of Capacitor</span></b> – Metallized mica (Silver mica) capacitors </span></h4>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><b><span style="color: orange;">Used Dielectric Material</span></b> – Mica <br />
<b><span style="color: orange;">Advantages</span></b> – These capacitors have very high stability along with low losses. They have long life. They can be replaced easily by Class 1 ceramic capacitors. <br />
<b><span style="color: orange;">Drawbacks</span></b> – Higher cost than class 1 ceramic capacitor. <br />
<b><span style="color: orange;">Applications</span></b> – These capacitors are used for HF and low VHF RF circuits and as standard capacitance in measuring bridge circuits. <br />
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</span><h4 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><b><span style="color: orange;">Type of Capacitor</span></b> – SF6 - gas filled capacitors </span></h4>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><b><span style="color: orange;">Used Dielectric Material</span></b> – SF6 gas <br />
<b><span style="color: orange;">Advantages</span></b> – These are high précised capacitors and have very low losses. These capacitors can support voltage level up to 1600kV. <br />
<b><span style="color: orange;">Drawbacks</span></b> – They have very high price. <br />
<b><span style="color: orange;">Applications</span></b> – They can be used as standard capacitance in measuring bridge circuits. <br />
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</span><h4 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><b><span style="color: orange;">Type of Capacitor</span></b> – Glass capacitors </span></h4>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><b><span style="color: orange;">Used Dielectric Material</span></b> – Glass <br />
<b><span style="color: orange;">Advantages</span></b> – These capacitors have better stability and frequency than silver mica capacitor. They are ultra-reliable, ultra-stable and resistant to nuclear radiation. There working temperature ranges from: −75 °C to +200 °C and some time they support up to +250 °C. <br />
<b><span style="color: orange;">Drawbacks</span></b> – Cost is high than class 1 ceramic. <br />
<b><span style="color: orange;">Applications</span></b> – These capacitors we can found in the circuits like; tuners, oscillators, crystal oscillators and filters. <br />
<br />
</span><h4 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><b><span style="color: orange;">Type of Capacitor</span></b> – Integrated capacitors </span></h4>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><b><span style="color: orange;">Used Dielectric Material</span></b> – oxide-nitride-oxide (ONO) <br />
<b><span style="color: orange;">Advantages</span></b> – These capacitors are thin (up to 100µm). Also have smaller footprint as compare to most MLCC. Low ESL, high reliability and very high stability up to 200°C are other advantages. <br />
<b><span style="color: orange;">Drawback</span></b><span style="color: orange;">s</span> – Personalized production <br />
<b><span style="color: orange;">Applications</span></b> – These capacitors we can found in the circuits like; tuners, oscillators, crystal oscillators and filters. <br />
<br />
</span><h3 style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="color: orange; font-family: georgia;">Variable capacitors </span></b></h3><span style="font-family: georgia;">
The capacitance of Variable capacitors is changed by mechanical variation. This mechanical construction changes the distance between the plates and hence the capacitance change. Dielectric medium is used here is mostly air. <br />
<br />
Tuning capacitor and Trimmer capacitor are the two variations of variable capacitors. <br />
<br />
</span><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-u5IaiDaU1mE/XTmGX7jVq_I/AAAAAAAAAkY/q0OEnpR1HeUwAy1oDJU6T7J3_AG-9a54wCLcBGAs/s1600/Variable%2BCapacitors.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><img alt="Types of Capacitor" border="0" data-original-height="342" data-original-width="713" height="306" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-u5IaiDaU1mE/XTmGX7jVq_I/AAAAAAAAAkY/q0OEnpR1HeUwAy1oDJU6T7J3_AG-9a54wCLcBGAs/s640/Variable%2BCapacitors.jpg" title="Variable Capacitors" width="640" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Variable Capacitors</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><b><span style="color: orange;">Type of Capacitor</span></b> – Air gap tuning capacitors</span></h4>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><b><span style="color: orange;">Used Dielectric Material</span></b> – Air <br />
<b><span style="color: orange;">Advantages</span></b> – These capacitors have circular or numerous logarithmic cuts of the rotor electrode for different capacitance bends. These capacitors have split rotor or stator cut for symmetric tuning. Also have ball bearing axis for reducing noise. <br />
<b><span style="color: orange;">Drawbacks</span></b> – They have large dimensions and have high cost. <br />
<b><span style="color: orange;">Applications</span></b> – Used mostly for high specialized applications. <br />
<br />
</span><h4 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><b><span style="color: orange;">Type of Capacitor</span></b> – Vacuum tuning capacitors </span></h4>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><b><span style="color: orange;">Used Dielectric Material </span></b>– Vacuum <br />
<b><span style="color: orange;">Advantages</span></b> – Extremely low losses. If arc-over current is limited then they can self-heal. <br />
<b><span style="color: orange;">Drawbacks</span></b> – Very high cost and are fragile. They have large dimensions. <br />
<b><span style="color: orange;">Applications</span></b> – These capacitors we can see in applications related to high voltage, high power RF applications; like transmitters and induction heating. <br />
<br />
</span><h4 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><b><span style="color: orange;">Type of Capacitor</span></b> – Air gap trimmer capacitors </span></h4>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><b><span style="color: orange;">Used Dielectric Material</span></b> – Air <br />
<b><span style="color: orange;">Advantages</span></b> – Semi-conductive variable capacitance diodes replaced these capacitors. <br />
<b><span style="color: orange;">Drawbacks</span></b> – Cost is high <br />
<b><span style="color: orange;">Applications</span></b> – These capacitors we can see in very high voltage high power RF applications. <br />
<br />
</span><h4 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><b><span style="color: orange;">Type of Capacitor</span></b> – SF6 gas filled tuning capacitor </span></h4>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><b><span style="color: orange;">Used Dielectric Material</span></b> – SF6 <br />
<b><span style="color: orange;">Advantages</span></b> – Very low losses. <br />
<b><span style="color: orange;">Drawbacks</span></b> – Very high price, delicate, big dimensions <br />
<b><span style="color: orange;">Applications</span></b> – These capacitors we can see in very high voltage high power RF applications. <br />
<br />
</span><h4 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><b><span style="color: orange;">Type of Capacitor</span></b> – Ceramic trimmer capacitors </span></h4>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><b><span style="color: orange;">Used Dielectric Material</span></b> – Class 1 ceramic <br />
<b><span style="color: orange;">Advantages and Applications</span></b> – Linear and stable frequency behaviour over wide temperature range. <br />
<b><span style="color: orange;">Drawbacks</span></b> – High cost <br />
<b><span style="color: orange;">Applications</span></b> – They are used when there is a need of matching capacitance value to a predefined value or as per circuit requirement. They are usually used in various RF circuits, VHF through microwave. Non-magnetic types of capacitors are used in medical instruments such as MRI and NMR scanners. Also, these capacitors we can found in the circuits like; tuners, oscillators, crystal oscillators and filters. We can see these capacitors in communication apparatus like; mobile radios and aerospace transmitters-receivers, CATV amplifiers and signal splitters.<br />
<br />
</span><h3 style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="color: orange; font-family: georgia;">Conclusion </span></b></h3><span style="font-family: georgia;">
Now we know all types of capacitor, and now we are familiar with their advantages, disadvantages and their applications. Capacitor is a critical component in a circuit. Correct selection of capacitor and its capacitance value decides life of your circuit. <br /></span>
<br /></div>
</div>
Adminhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12743833901137477565noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6408332436287516652.post-84161368130821167162020-01-24T21:55:00.000-08:002020-01-28T05:13:49.620-08:00Flyback Converter<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="color: orange;">What is a Flyback Converter?</span></b></h2>
<br />
The flyback converter is a type of power converter which have galvanic isolation between the applied input and generated output. Output may be one or more than one.<br />
<br />
If we see the flyback converter in perspective of buck-boost converter, we can see that it matches to buck-boost converter except of the inductor. Inductor is split to form a transformer in the flyback converter.<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-as98hTI42Ac/XivVJMIA0-I/AAAAAAAAAu0/32OrQvlnNJsTP3Fu-jklnVuJJLS73Kt0QCEwYBhgL/s1600/Flyback%2BConverter%2Bbased%2BSMPS.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Flyback Converter" border="0" data-original-height="271" data-original-width="325" height="266" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-as98hTI42Ac/XivVJMIA0-I/AAAAAAAAAu0/32OrQvlnNJsTP3Fu-jklnVuJJLS73Kt0QCEwYBhgL/s320/Flyback%2BConverter%2Bbased%2BSMPS.jpg" title="Flyback Converter based SMPS" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Flyback Converter based SMPS</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
This transformer gives an advantage of voltage control at secondary and also we can drive many different output voltages.<br />
<br />
<blockquote>
Flyback converter is an isolated power converter and provide isolation between primary and secondary side.</blockquote>
<br />
Output voltage in the flyback topology can be match with each other by transformer winding turns ratio.<br />
<br />
Setting transformer turns ratio will be helpful for storing energy in primary side and to generate multiple secondary outputs.<br />
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="color: orange;">Working principle of flyback converter</span></b></h3>
<br />
Below is the schematic of flyback converter, here we can see that it is same like buck-boost converter, only difference we can see that inductor is replaced with transformer. This makes it’s working principle same like buck-boost converter.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-8aBJZ2BbD5c/XivGBkSeVqI/AAAAAAAAAt4/5q5O84tHlK4u9U6JsauV_18ra8XzZu4owCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Flyback%2BConverter%2BWorking%2BPrincipal%2BSchematic.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Flyback Converter" border="0" data-original-height="363" data-original-width="640" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-8aBJZ2BbD5c/XivGBkSeVqI/AAAAAAAAAt4/5q5O84tHlK4u9U6JsauV_18ra8XzZu4owCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Flyback%2BConverter%2BWorking%2BPrincipal%2BSchematic.png" title="Flyback Converter Working Principal Schematic and Waveforms" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.8px;">Flyback Converter Working Principal Schematic and Waveforms</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
Below are it’s working principle in both switch open and switch close cases;<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="color: orange;">Switch close</span></b></div>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-it7c2F3FyTk/XivGhDkqmRI/AAAAAAAAAuA/owbdz5BRNxo__XwX_jmfDCnPOQBSeTEOQCEwYBhgL/s1600/Working%2Bof%2BFlyback%2BConverter%2Bwhen%2Bswitch%2Bis%2Bclose.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Flyback Converter" border="0" data-original-height="407" data-original-width="674" height="193" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-it7c2F3FyTk/XivGhDkqmRI/AAAAAAAAAuA/owbdz5BRNxo__XwX_jmfDCnPOQBSeTEOQCEwYBhgL/s320/Working%2Bof%2BFlyback%2BConverter%2Bwhen%2Bswitch%2Bis%2Bclose.png" title="Working of Flyback Converter when switch is close" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Working of Flyback Converter when switch is close</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div>
Above figure shows that, when in flyback converter switch is closed we can see that the primary winding of the transformer connected to the input voltage supply source.<br />
<br />
This will lead to store energy in the transformer, which will cause by flow of primary current and magnetic flux across it.<br />
<br />
In this case there is no voltage is available in the secondary winding of transformer, so the negative voltage will be induced in the secondary winding, hence the schottky diode connected at secondary side is reverse-biased.<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="color: orange;">Switch open</span></b></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-rSurlbkWR40/XjAzMFPb3OI/AAAAAAAAAvA/J4t1b7jE3nY_LCF6sTOexRz9PvnUiO6cACLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Working%2Bof%2BFlyback%2BConverter%2Bwhen%2Bswitch%2Bis%2Bopen.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Flyback Converter" border="0" data-original-height="405" data-original-width="674" height="192" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-rSurlbkWR40/XjAzMFPb3OI/AAAAAAAAAvA/J4t1b7jE3nY_LCF6sTOexRz9PvnUiO6cACLcBGAsYHQ/s320/Working%2Bof%2BFlyback%2BConverter%2Bwhen%2Bswitch%2Bis%2Bopen.png" title="Working of Flyback Converter when switch is open" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Working of Flyback Converter when switch is open</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
</div>
When the switch is open as shown in the above figure, the current in the primary winding drops and there will be no magnetic flux across it.<br />
<br />
The voltage in the secondary winding is now positive which makes connected schottky diode forward-bias and hence current flows from the transformer.<br />
<br />
The current flowing from the transformer charges the capacitor at secondary side and supplies the energy to the connected load.<br />
<br />
<b><span style="color: orange;">Again Switch close</span></b><br />
<br />
In this case all the steps will be same as mentioned in the “Switch close” case.<br />
<br />
Now the capacitor which is charged because of “Switch open” case will supply energy to the load.<br />
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="color: orange;">Special Characteristics of Flyback Converter</span></b></h3>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="color: orange;">Flyback Converter working modes</span></b></div>
<br />
There are two working modes for flyback converter, these are Critical Conduction Mode (CCM) or Discontinuous Conduction Mode (DCM). These modes are helpful to understand the flyback converter transfer function.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-O-n-6cQPeXI/XivKdFlN_oI/AAAAAAAAAuo/p58IWFninAcRKBUiaSVIij4wKV-iHJHOwCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Flyback%2BConverter%2BWaveforms.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Flyback Converter" border="0" data-original-height="422" data-original-width="623" height="216" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-O-n-6cQPeXI/XivKdFlN_oI/AAAAAAAAAuo/p58IWFninAcRKBUiaSVIij4wKV-iHJHOwCLcBGAsYHQ/s320/Flyback%2BConverter%2BWaveforms.png" title="Flyback Converter Waveforms" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Flyback Converter Waveforms</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
As shown in below figure, if the switching device like MOSFET is turned ON before all of the energy from primary side is transferred to the secondary side, the secondary side current never reaches to zero. This condition is called as continuous conduction mode (CCM).<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-PAqRXJyq_UQ/XivH6pxVknI/AAAAAAAAAuU/FDtHYGWICXwpku_OI2c43l2CZxwB8ha6wCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Flyback%2BConverter%2Bin%2BContinuous%2BCurrent%2BMode.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Flyback Converter" border="0" data-original-height="328" data-original-width="450" height="233" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-PAqRXJyq_UQ/XivH6pxVknI/AAAAAAAAAuU/FDtHYGWICXwpku_OI2c43l2CZxwB8ha6wCLcBGAsYHQ/s320/Flyback%2BConverter%2Bin%2BContinuous%2BCurrent%2BMode.png" title="Flyback Converter in Continuous Current Mode" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Flyback Converter in Continuous Current Mode</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
As shown in below figure, if the stored energy in primary side is completely transferred to the secondary before the switching device like MOSFET is turned ON, the secondary side current reaches to zero before the end of the time period. This creates an idle time – “Tidle” during the work cycle. This is called as discontinuous conduction mode (DCM).<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-BBitR5KZEnE/XivIQ2r4cFI/AAAAAAAAAuc/TrPd0PVCGFoI0qNZ0HOG-9fVMktpdT6VQCEwYBhgL/s1600/Flyback%2BConverter%2Bin%2BDiscontinuous%2BCurrent%2BMode.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Flyback Converter" border="0" data-original-height="346" data-original-width="475" height="233" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-BBitR5KZEnE/XivIQ2r4cFI/AAAAAAAAAuc/TrPd0PVCGFoI0qNZ0HOG-9fVMktpdT6VQCEwYBhgL/s320/Flyback%2BConverter%2Bin%2BDiscontinuous%2BCurrent%2BMode.png" title="Flyback Converter in Discontinuous Current Mode" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Flyback Converter in Discontinuous Current Mode</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Generally, flyback transformers designed for both the types; CCM and DCM. It is decided by input voltage to apply and output side load situations.<br />
<br />
For working of CCM and DCM, the MOSFET driver IC requires a signal associated to the output voltage. This signal can be generated by three common ways as mentioned below;<br />
<br />
The first way is to use an optocoupler on the secondary side of circuitry to direct or send a signal to the driver IC. Optocoupler gives tight voltage and tight current regulation.<br />
<br />
The second way is to place an another winding on the coil and sense the cross regulation of the design. Here output is not tightly controlled.<br />
<br />
The third way is to sample the amplitude of voltage on the primary side of circuitry during the primary side discharge, which is referenced according to primary DC voltage. Primary side sensing is accurate and cheap, but needs a minimum load to be connect so primary side discharge always occurs, by which secondary voltage at the primary winding side can be sample.<br />
<br />
<b><span style="color: orange;">Snubber Circuit in Flyback Converter</span></b><br />
<br />
Transformer plays important role in flyback converter topology.<br />
<br />
A gap is provided in between the pair of ferrite cores of the transformer to increase reluctance in ferrite core to control magnetic flux lines, but this method involves a rise in magnetic leakage flux, which further causes the generation of leakage inductance.<br />
<br />
Along with the leakage inductance a switching current also flows which results in an energy build-up in the primary winding of transformer. As this transformer is not coupled or attached to the other windings, the generated power remains in primary winding and didn’t transfers to other winding.<br />
<br />
This results in the generation of a surge voltage at the MOSFET’s drain terminal.<br />
<br />
If this generated surge voltage crosses the Vds i.e. drain to source voltage range of the MOSFET then it will destroy it.<br />
<br />
To prevent this risk or damage to the MOSFET, a snubber circuit is provided in flyback converter circuit which suppresses the generated surge voltage.<br />
<br />
We can see in the above “Flyback Converter Working Principal Schematic” that this circuit contains a resistor, a diode, and a capacitor on the primary side. This circuit is called as a snubber circuit.<br />
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="color: orange;">Applications of Flyback Converter</span></b></h3>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Mostly used as SMPS for cell phone charger.</li>
<li>Multiple output power supplies.</li>
<li>Communication Devices.</li>
<li>Industrial equipment.</li>
<li>High voltage supply generation for CRT in TV’s.</li>
</ul>
<h3>
<b><span style="color: orange;">Conclusion</span></b></h3>
A Flyback Converter is an important power converter topology to meet our high and low voltage requirements. This topology is widely used in switched-mode power supplies. Most of DC – DC converters are designed using this topology because of provision of isolation between primary and secondary winding. Which means a perfect safety. Also, it provides good output efficiency, which means less loss.<br />
<div>
<br /></div>
</div>
</div>
Adminhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12743833901137477565noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6408332436287516652.post-61653999532804477712019-12-05T06:22:00.000-08:002020-01-03T20:17:07.837-08:00Boost Converter<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="color: orange;">Boost Converter</span></b></h2>
<br />
The boost converter is a power converter and found in many applications where input voltage is not sufficient to drive the application.<br />
<div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-lA3VIofRu5c/XhAI_S5vXmI/AAAAAAAAAr4/cmZOwT-dXOkmsOKGiqxaTgE8JM8MXXKgQCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Boost%2BConverter%2BAssembled%2BCircuit.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Boost Converter" border="0" data-original-height="236" data-original-width="233" height="320" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-lA3VIofRu5c/XhAI_S5vXmI/AAAAAAAAAr4/cmZOwT-dXOkmsOKGiqxaTgE8JM8MXXKgQCLcBGAsYHQ/s320/Boost%2BConverter%2BAssembled%2BCircuit.jpg" title="Boost Converter Assembled Circuit" width="315" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Boost Converter Assembled Circuit</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Let see more details about boost converter;<br />
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="color: orange;">What is Boost Converter?</span></b></h3>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>A boost converter is a type of DC-to-DC power converter that steps up the applied input voltage and steps down the current.</li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>In other words, we can say that a boost converter is a DC to DC converter with an output voltage higher than the applied input voltage.</li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>A boost converter sometimes also called as “step-up converter” as it "steps up" the applied input voltage.</li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Here the output current is lower than the applied source current to save power or to get more efficiency.</li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>It is a type of switched-mode power supply which contains a diode, a FET, an inductor and an electrolytic capacitor.</li>
</ul>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="color: orange;">What is the use of Boost Converter</span></b></h3>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Switched mode power supplies can be used for many types of applications such as; DC - DC converters.</li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Many times to run the motors, to operate tools, to charge the battery bank, etc. we need high DC voltage.</li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>But mostly the available DC voltage (mostly from battery) is not sufficient to run these applications we need a higher DC voltage as compare to applied DC input voltage.</li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>To run the high power applications, we can use many batteries by connecting in series and parallel combination, but this solution will consume more space and will also increase the cost.</li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>By using the Boost Converter, we can boost the battery voltage, AC- DC rectifier voltage, DC generators voltage, etc. to required high voltage.</li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>But with the increase in output voltage there is decrease in output current.</li>
</ul>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="color: orange;">Boost Converter Circuit</span></b></h3>
Figure at below shows the basic circuit of a Boost converter.<br />
<br />
<div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-w8YQS4BpvsA/XhAM4iKeSBI/AAAAAAAAAsE/n0VgqL4ck-wkH1OTSq4CjToWmSzmiNSuACLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Boost%2BConverter%2BCircuit.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Boost Converter" border="0" data-original-height="145" data-original-width="400" height="116" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-w8YQS4BpvsA/XhAM4iKeSBI/AAAAAAAAAsE/n0VgqL4ck-wkH1OTSq4CjToWmSzmiNSuACLcBGAsYHQ/s320/Boost%2BConverter%2BCircuit.jpg" title="Boost Converter Circuit" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Boost Converter Circuit</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>In this we can see that a MOSFET M1 is used as switching device, an inductor L1 is used for storing the energy, Diode D1 which conducts when it is forward bias and at last an Electrolytic capacitor C1 is used to store the charge.</li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>We can see that the used components are same but their placement in the circuit has been rearranged.</li>
</ul>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="color: orange;">Working of Boost Converter</span></b></h3>
Below images and explanations clears the working of boost converter;</div>
<div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="color: orange;">Working of Boost Converter when switch is ON</span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="color: orange;"><br /></span></b></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-KHCAkxEip-8/XhAOqBbHG_I/AAAAAAAAAsQ/9ahKF919JRIFQbQ8PqG7uXPonBOpzPfDgCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Working%2Bof%2BBoost%2BConverter%2Bwhen%2Bswitch%2Bis%2BON.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Working of Boost Converter" border="0" data-original-height="144" data-original-width="400" height="115" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-KHCAkxEip-8/XhAOqBbHG_I/AAAAAAAAAsQ/9ahKF919JRIFQbQ8PqG7uXPonBOpzPfDgCLcBGAsYHQ/s320/Working%2Bof%2BBoost%2BConverter%2Bwhen%2Bswitch%2Bis%2BON.jpg" title="Working of Boost Converter when switch is ON" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.8px;">Working of Boost Converter when switch is ON</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>In above figure we can see that a pulse input is applied to the MOSFET. When high voltage is available at MOSFET gate, it starts to conduct.</li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>As MOSFET conducts, it will make current to pass from drain to source terminal of MOSFET and hence inductor L1 start to stores the energy as the current passes through it, i.e. from power supply’s +ve to -ve terminal.</li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Inductor L1 stores energy in the form of the magnetic field.</li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>No current passing through the diode D1, capacitor C1 and through the load which have high impedance as compare to the MOSFET’s drain to source path.</li>
</ul>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="color: orange;">Working of Boost Converter when switch is OFF</span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="color: orange;"><br /></span></b></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-wjxsF3XzN68/XhAQml7g1TI/AAAAAAAAAsc/h6LqejTWx8Yr0fNCDlzblRo2F8_b7-CVwCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Working%2Bof%2BBoost%2BConverter%2Bwhen%2Bswitch%2Bis%2BOFF.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Working of Boost Converter" border="0" data-original-height="138" data-original-width="380" height="116" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-wjxsF3XzN68/XhAQml7g1TI/AAAAAAAAAsc/h6LqejTWx8Yr0fNCDlzblRo2F8_b7-CVwCLcBGAsYHQ/s320/Working%2Bof%2BBoost%2BConverter%2Bwhen%2Bswitch%2Bis%2BOFF.jpg" title="Working of Boost Converter when switch is OFF" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.8px;">Working of Boost Converter when switch is OFF</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>In above figure we can see that when low pulse voltage is available at MOSFET gate, it didn’t conduct.</li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>As MOSFET not conducts, it will make current not to pass from drain to source terminal of MOSFET.</li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Because of MOSFET’s fast ON and OFF switching a sudden drop in current will appear, which will generate a back e.m.f. in opposite direction in inductor L1.</li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>So, two voltages will appear across inductor L1. First is applied input voltage and second is back e.m.f.</li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Now inductor starts to pass the current through forward biased diode D1.</li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>This current charges further the electrolytic capacitor C1 and further it is applied to the connected load.</li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Capacitor C1 will charge with the voltage, “Input voltage + back e.m.f. voltage”.</li>
</ul>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="color: orange;">Working of Boost Converter when switch is again ON</span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="color: orange;"><br /></span></b></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Gtj87jMdMaQ/XhARUuu6X1I/AAAAAAAAAsk/BG0aGKQ1oB0Wg5bbhGkDCxhAyjDU74u9QCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Working%2Bof%2BBoost%2BConverter%2Bwhen%2Bswitch%2Bis%2Bagain%2BON.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Working of Boost Converter" border="0" data-original-height="138" data-original-width="380" height="116" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Gtj87jMdMaQ/XhARUuu6X1I/AAAAAAAAAsk/BG0aGKQ1oB0Wg5bbhGkDCxhAyjDU74u9QCLcBGAsYHQ/s320/Working%2Bof%2BBoost%2BConverter%2Bwhen%2Bswitch%2Bis%2Bagain%2BON.jpg" title="Working of Boost Converter when switch is again ON" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.8px;">Working of Boost Converter when switch is again ON</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>In above figure we can see that when again high pulse voltage is available at MOSFET gate, it starts to conduct.</li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>When MOSFET is ON the D1 acts as reverse biased i.e. cathode of D1 diode is more positive, because it is connected to the capacitor C1 and it is already fully charged.</li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>As the diode D1 is not conducting, the load at output will get voltage from capacitor C1, until it discharges.</li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Capacitor fully drains and it will recharge again when the MOSFET M1 switch OFF again.</li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>That’s why we get constant output voltage across the load.</li>
</ul>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="color: orange;">Modes of operation of Boost converter</span></b></h3>
There are three modes of operation of boost converter;</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><b><span style="color: orange;">Continuous conduction mode (CCM)</span></b></li>
</ul>
In this mode of boost converter mode, the current flowing through inductor never goes to zero. In other words, we can say that the inductor partly discharges the current before the start of the new switching cycle.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><b><span style="color: orange;">Discontinuous conduction mode (DCM)</span></b></li>
</ul>
In this mode of boost converter, the current flowing through inductor goes to zero. In other words, we can say that the inductor is fully discharged at the end of present switching cycle.</div>
<div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><b><span style="color: orange;">Critical conduction mode (CRM)</span></b></li>
</ul>
The critical conduction mode works in the boundary of CCM and DCM.<br /><br />
Please refer below link of our previous article to get more details about modes of operation of boost converter;<br />
<br />
"<b><a href="https://www.powerelectronicstalks.com/2018/10/power-factor-correction-and-its-modes.html" style="background-color: white;" target="_blank">Power Factor Correction and its modes of operation</a></b>"</div>
<div>
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="color: orange;">Boost Converter IC UC3854</span></b></h3>
UC3854 is High Power Factor Preregulator and widely used in the power factor correction applications i.e. for active PFC. Where it controls switching of MOSFET to get high voltage at the output.<br />
<br />
Please refer our previous articles to get more details about boost converter design, boost converter calculations and boost converter schematic using UC3854;<br />
<br />
"<b><a href="https://www.powerelectronicstalks.com/2018/10/design-of-boost-converter-using-uc3854.html" style="background-color: white;" target="_blank">Design of Boost Converter using UC3854</a></b>"</div>
<div>
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="color: orange;">Boost Converter IC L6562</span></b></h3>
The L6562 is a transition mode PFC controller and widely used in power factor correction and lighting applications.<br />
<br />
Please refer our previous article to get more details about boost converter calculations using L6562;<br />
<br />
<span style="background-color: white;">"<b><a href="https://www.powerelectronicstalks.com/2018/11/power-factor-correction-critical-conduction-mode-boost-converter-calculations-using-L6562.html" target="_blank">Critical Conduction Mode Boost Converter Calculations using L6562</a></b></span>"</div>
<div>
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="color: orange;">Application of Boost Converter</span></b></h3>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>In most of DC power supplies they are used to boost low voltage to high voltage.</li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>In lighting applications to drive LED lamps, Fluorescent lamps and Halogen lamps.</li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>In automobile application for battery charging.</li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>In charging of battery bank.</li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>It can be seen in regenerative braking of DC motors.</li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>In Power Factor Correction</li>
</ul>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="color: orange;">Conclusion</span></b></h3>
Boost converter is widely used power converter topology. We can use it in the applications where available input voltage is not sufficient to drive the circuit properly. With the implementation of boost converter, we can achieve high voltage at the output but also it decreases the output current because the output wattage is constant.<br />
<div>
<br /></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
Adminhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12743833901137477565noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6408332436287516652.post-2457669897912338052019-10-24T09:19:00.000-07:002019-10-24T09:19:53.473-07:00Buck-Boost Converter<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div>
<br /></div>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="color: orange;">What is Buck-Boost Converter?</span></b></h3>
<div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>We can define Buck-Boost Converter as a type of DC – DC converter whose generated output voltage that is either higher or smaller than the applied input voltage.</li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Buck-Boost Converter is alike a flyback converter, but difference is that it uses inductor and flyback converter uses transformer.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Buck-Boost Converter is a combination of Buck Converter and Boost Converter.</li>
</ul>
<div>
Below figure shows a Buck-Boost Converter Module;</div>
</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-uvJPCSnw9MY/XbHLuAx6sQI/AAAAAAAAApw/IiQ817aCYVMMqx_5kgb2dvhzEdF4LodAgCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Buck-Boost%2BConverter%2BModule.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Buck-Boost Converter" border="0" data-original-height="411" data-original-width="535" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-uvJPCSnw9MY/XbHLuAx6sQI/AAAAAAAAApw/IiQ817aCYVMMqx_5kgb2dvhzEdF4LodAgCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Buck-Boost%2BConverter%2BModule.jpg" title="Buck-Boost Converter Module" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Buck-Boost Converter Module</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div>
To know more about Buck Converter please visit the article, "<span style="background-color: #3d85c6;"><a href="https://www.powerelectronicstalks.com/2018/09/what-is-buck-converter.html" target="_blank"><b>What is Buck Converter</b></a></span>".</div>
<div>
<br />
There are two different topologies of buck-boost converter. Inverting topology and non-inverting topology. In detail both are explained below;<br />
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="color: orange;">The inverting topology</span></b></h3>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Like buck converter and boost converter the inverting buck-boost converter is like a switched-mode power supply and its circuit topology is same like buck converter and boost converter.</li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>The polarity of the output voltage is opposite as compare to the applied input voltage.</li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>For simple or basic inverting buck-boost converter we can see or get a negative output voltage with respect to the ground.</li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>The duty cycle of the switching transistor or MOSFET, the output voltage of buck-boost converter is adjustable or changeable.</li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>The driving circuitry becomes complicate, when we see that the switching component does not have a terminal at ground. Which can be a disadvantage.</li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>But, this disadvantage is of no importance. If the power supply is isolated from the load circuit because at this condition the power supply and polarity of diode can be upturned or reversed.</li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>At the reversed condition, the switch can be on either the supply side or at the ground side.</li>
</ul>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="color: orange;">Working of inverting topology</span></b></h3>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>An Inverting buck-boost converter is shown in below figure. It is the schematic of a basic inverting buck-boost converter which is working in continuous conduction mode (CCM).</li>
</ul>
<div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-XbWtG9sBz7c/XbHMK88PZ7I/AAAAAAAAAp4/P_7mK-2mGZwpB_c8iITkf6SzjSnn-2ofgCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Inverting%2BBuck-Boost%2BConverter.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Buck-Boost Converter" border="0" data-original-height="236" data-original-width="675" height="223" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-XbWtG9sBz7c/XbHMK88PZ7I/AAAAAAAAAp4/P_7mK-2mGZwpB_c8iITkf6SzjSnn-2ofgCLcBGAsYHQ/s640/Inverting%2BBuck-Boost%2BConverter.JPG" title="Inverting Buck-Boost Converter" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.8px;">Inverting Buck-Boost Converter</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>We can see an output capacitor, in the power stage a metal-oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) is present, a diode, and an inductor is present.</li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Anode of the diode is connected to the load.</li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Anode of the diode is also connected to negative terminal of electrolytic capacitor.</li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>When the MOSFET (M1) is ON, the voltage through the inductor (L1) is Vin, and the current in the inductor ramps up with the rate that is proportional to the applied input voltage Vin.</li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>This results in storing energy in the inductor L1. While M1 is ON, the output capacitor C1 supplies the entire load current.</li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>When the M1 is OFF, the diode (D1) is forward-biased and the inductor current ramps down at a rate proportional to output voltage Vout.</li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>While M1 is OFF, energy is transferred from the inductor L1 to the output load and output capacitor C1.</li>
</ul>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="color: orange;">The non-inverting topology</span></b></h3>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Below figure shows a non-inverting buck-boost converter. Here we can see a buck (step-down) converter is joint with a boost (step-up) converter.</li>
</ul>
<div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-FAG5_cjbc3Y/XbHMlucgI7I/AAAAAAAAAqI/wuFbnor7vmkkoMIAPOOn2w4XmGKQaMPjwCEwYBhgL/s1600/Non-Inverting%2BBuck-Boost%2BConverter.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Buck-Boost Converter" border="0" data-original-height="228" data-original-width="780" height="185" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-FAG5_cjbc3Y/XbHMlucgI7I/AAAAAAAAAqI/wuFbnor7vmkkoMIAPOOn2w4XmGKQaMPjwCEwYBhgL/s640/Non-Inverting%2BBuck-Boost%2BConverter.JPG" title="Non-Inverting Buck-Boost Converter" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.8px;">Non-Inverting Buck-Boost Converter</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>The output polarity of this type of converter is same like the polarity of the applied input. But the output level may vary i.e. may be higher or lower depending on the design and component selection.</li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>We can see in the figure that there is only one inductor is used even there is buck mode and boost mode is combined.</li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>This single inductor controlled by switches instead of diodes. At a time only one switch is in ON condition.</li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>If it uses many inductors with only one switch same like seen in Cuk or SEPIC topologies, then it is called as "four-switch buck-boost converter".</li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>The popular non-inverting buck-boost topologies are; Zeta, SEPIC and two-switch buck-boost converter.</li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>All these above mentioned buck boost topologies generate positive output but these topologies have extra power components and less efficiency as compared to a basic inverting buck-boost converter.</li>
</ul>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="color: orange;">Working of non-inverting topology</span></b></h3>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>We can see in figure of non-inverting buck-boost conductor; two high frequency switching MOSFETS are used along with the two diodes and these diodes have a low forward junction voltage when it conducts.</li>
</ul>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="color: orange;">Operation of buck converter</span></b></h3>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>We can understand the operation of buck-boost inductor on the basis of inductor's "reluctance", which allows quick change in current (current across inductor).</li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Initially current through the inductor is zero. This means at the initial stage when MOSFET is not working i.e. switch is open and there’s no current across the inductor i.e. nothing is charged.</li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>When the MOSFET switch is first closed, the blocking diode stops current from flowing through it as it is reversed biased, so the current passes through the inductor.</li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Initially the Inductor will keep the current low by dropping most of the source voltage, as the inductor doesn't like fast current change. With the time the inductor allows the current to increase slowly with the decrease in voltage drop. By this inductor will store energy i.e. magnetic field.</li>
</ul>
Let see the operation of buck converter in step wise in detail;<br />
<br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Below figure shows the mode of operation of buck converter when MOSFET M1 is ON. In this mode the high frequency square wave generated by IC keep the MOSFET M1 ON and OFF. MOSFET M2 is turned off in this case.</li>
</ul>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ovELtBpkF9U/XbHHECS6UII/AAAAAAAAAow/Sbw1QWW3T7wuM0kCzR3DSOhc253bxwDNACLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Buck%2Bconverter%2Boperation%2Bwhen%2BM1%2Bis%2BON.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Buck-Boost Converter" border="0" data-original-height="228" data-original-width="776" height="188" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ovELtBpkF9U/XbHHECS6UII/AAAAAAAAAow/Sbw1QWW3T7wuM0kCzR3DSOhc253bxwDNACLcBGAsYHQ/s640/Buck%2Bconverter%2Boperation%2Bwhen%2BM1%2Bis%2BON.png" title="Buck converter operation when M1 is ON" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Buck converter operation when M1 is ON</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>When the gate terminal of MOSFET M1 is high, M1 starts to work and makes current to flow though inductor L1. This current charges L1, capacitor C1 and supply further to the connected load.</li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>The diode D1 is turned off because of the positive voltage on its cathode i.e. it is reversed biased.</li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Below figure shows the mode of operation of buck converter i.e. current flow when MOSFET M1 is OFF. Now the inductor L1 is fully charged and now it is the only source of the current.</li>
</ul>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-K4KPLeZmBzU/XbHHbxlJhSI/AAAAAAAAAo4/Ptd-9jPPuNMFV_aVYialmd5DDVurm9PFwCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Buck%2Bconverter%2Boperation%2Bwhen%2BM1%2Bis%2BOFF.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Buck-Boost Converter" border="0" data-original-height="224" data-original-width="773" height="184" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-K4KPLeZmBzU/XbHHbxlJhSI/AAAAAAAAAo4/Ptd-9jPPuNMFV_aVYialmd5DDVurm9PFwCLcBGAsYHQ/s640/Buck%2Bconverter%2Boperation%2Bwhen%2BM1%2Bis%2BOFF.png" title="Buck converter operation when M1 is OFF" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Buck converter operation when M1 is OFF</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>The magnetic field generated across the inductor L1 starts to collapse and generates back E.M.F. this E.M.F. opposites the voltage polarity across L1.</li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>This polarity change turns on the diode D1 and current flows through the diode D2 and further to the connected load.</li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Further as the current across inductor L1 decreases, the charge stored in capacitor C1 during the ON time of MOSFET M1, now adds to the current flowing across the load. This additional current from C1 keeps output voltage (Vout) constant during the M1 OFF time.</li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>This gives an advantage of less ripple at the output.</li>
</ul>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="color: orange;">Operation as a Boost Converter</span></b></h3>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Below figure shows the mode of operation of boost converter when MOSFET M1 is continuous ON. In this mode the high frequency square wave generated by IC is applied to the MOSFET M2 gate terminal.</li>
</ul>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-q1lMOZT0stM/XbHH7Fe7ZdI/AAAAAAAAApE/Ne89MrdWWTAMi51mY0BKMjF8amcUacv-QCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Boost%2Bconverter%2Boperation%2Bwhen%2BM2%2Bis%2BON.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Buck-Boost Converter" border="0" data-original-height="221" data-original-width="772" height="183" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-q1lMOZT0stM/XbHH7Fe7ZdI/AAAAAAAAApE/Ne89MrdWWTAMi51mY0BKMjF8amcUacv-QCLcBGAsYHQ/s640/Boost%2Bconverter%2Boperation%2Bwhen%2BM2%2Bis%2BON.png" title="Boost converter operation when M2 is ON" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Boost converter operation when M2 is ON</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>When MOSFET M2 is ON and it’s conducting, the input current passes across the inductor L1 and through M2, and further current flow to the negative terminal of supply. This current charges or creates magnetic field around inductor L1.</li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Also in this step the diode D2 not conducts i.e. current not flows across the diode D2 because high speed conducting MOSFET M2 keeps anode terminal of diode D2 at ground potential.</li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Now for this ON period, the charge developed by previous oscillating cycles on the capacitor C1 acts as a supply for the load.</li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>The slow discharge of capacitor C1 throughout the ON period and its immediate recharging creates high frequency ripple on the output voltage.</li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>This high frequency ripple is at a potential of approx. Vs + Vout.</li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>OFF-Period of MOSFET M2 can be understand by below figure;</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-xsd-L52mEqQ/XbHI23TmtiI/AAAAAAAAApQ/4AikQm3zKaAFrJ8_XCelxjcIXGq7CXEFgCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Boost%2Bconverter%2Boperation%2Bwhen%2BM2%2Bis%2BOFF.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Buck-Boost Converter" border="0" data-original-height="226" data-original-width="767" height="188" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-xsd-L52mEqQ/XbHI23TmtiI/AAAAAAAAApQ/4AikQm3zKaAFrJ8_XCelxjcIXGq7CXEFgCLcBGAsYHQ/s640/Boost%2Bconverter%2Boperation%2Bwhen%2BM2%2Bis%2BOFF.png" title="Boost converter operation when M2 is OFF" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Boost converter operation when M2 is OFF</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>As the OFF-period of MOSFET M2 starts, the inductor L1 charges and capacitor C1 partially discharges.</li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>As the inductor L1 charged it generates a back E.M.F. The value of this E.M.F. depends on the rate of change of current as MOSFET M2 switches OFF and ON the total inductance. This inductance is hold by the coil (inductor).</li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>So, depending on the circuit design the back E.M.F. can be of any voltage range.</li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Now the polarity of the voltage across inductor L1 has now reversed and this voltage is added to the input voltage Vs. This gives an output voltage that is equal or greater than the applied input voltage Vs.</li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Diode D2 is now forward biased i.e. it starts to conduct and so the current further flows through the load.</li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>At the same time this current from diode D2 re-charges the capacitor C1. Which will be further use in next period of MOSFET M2 ON.</li>
</ul>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="color: orange;">Applications of Buck-Boost Converter</span></b></h3>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>We can see Buck-boost (step-down and step-up) converters mostly in the applications like; most of industrial machines or tools where different power supply voltages are needed for machine or tool operation, industrial computer hardware’s and automotive systems.</li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Battery dependent systems; where at the full charge of battery, the high voltage can’t be supply to the system, then buck regulator circuit works. But as the battery charge comes to end the boost regulator circuit starts to work and boost the available voltage to the required level, so the system works properly.</li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>These types of battery depended systems can be seen in automotive applications i.e. mostly in e-bikes or e-cars.</li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>In the applications mentioned above, the applied input voltage could be either higher or lower than the required output voltage.</li>
</ul>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="color: orange;">Conclusion</span></b></h3>
By joining these two regulator designs i.e. buck regulator and boost regulator we can have a regulator circuit which can handle a wide range of input voltages. These input voltages may be both higher or lower than that required by the circuit.<br />
<br />
Both buck and boost regulator uses same types of components and we have to just re-arrange them, depending on the applied input voltage level.<br />
<br /></div>
</div>
Adminhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12743833901137477565noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6408332436287516652.post-22661617575182543692019-09-23T06:49:00.006-07:002020-09-19T06:22:49.311-07:00 Ohm's law Calculations and Calculator<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
Ohm’s law many of us heard many times. To understand ohm’s law is very important for electrical and electronics engineer, technicians, hobbyist, etc. Here we will discuss in detail about Ohm’s law definition, Ohm’s law calculations and calculator. Also, a Ohms law calculator excel sheet also provided.<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-l-mJE249bjw/XYjPfU-MWBI/AAAAAAAAAn4/mSMGKasnyfIkdUn3CSbWEEcvVYISXVLdgCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Ohm%2527s%2BLaw.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Ohm's law Calculations and Calculator" border="0" data-original-height="1280" data-original-width="1280" height="200" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-l-mJE249bjw/XYjPfU-MWBI/AAAAAAAAAn4/mSMGKasnyfIkdUn3CSbWEEcvVYISXVLdgCLcBGAsYHQ/s200/Ohm%2527s%2BLaw.png" title="Ohm's Law" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Ohm's Law</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="color: orange;">Ohm’s law Calculator</span></b></h3>
<blockquote>
Enter any two known values and press "Calculate" to get solutions of the others.<br />
Fields should be reset to 0 or clear before each new calculation.</blockquote>
<div class="large-6 columns">
<form id="Ohm" name="Ohm" onsubmit=" return false;">
<div>
<input name="Volts" onchange=" if (currentfield != 'V') { lastchanged=currentfield; } newVolts(); currentfield='V';" onfocus="Volts.select();" size="15" type="text" value="0" />
Volts
</div>
<div>
<input name="Amps" onchange=" if (currentfield != 'I') { lastchanged=currentfield; } newAmps(); currentfield='I';" onfocus="Amps.select();" size="15" type="text" value="0" />
Amps
</div>
<div>
<input name="Ohms" onchange=" if (currentfield != 'R') { lastchanged=currentfield; } newOhms(); currentfield='R';" onfocus="Ohms.select();" size="15" type="text" value="0" />
Ohms
</div>
<div>
<input name="Watts" onchange=" if (currentfield != 'W') { lastchanged=currentfield; } newWatts(); currentfield='W';" onfocus="Watts.select();" size="15" type="text" value="0" />
Watts
</div>
<hr />
<input name="Button" type="button" value="Calculate" />
<input name="Reset" type="reset" value="Reset" />
</form>
</div>
<script type="text/javascript">
// <![CDATA[
var lastchanged = "I"
var currentfield = "V"
var V
var I
var R
var W
var temp
function newVolts () {
V = window.document.Ohm.Volts.value;
if (lastchanged == "I") {
I = window.document.Ohm.Amps.value;
window.document.Ohm.Ohms.value = V/I;
window.document.Ohm.Watts.value = V*I;
}
if (lastchanged == "R") {
R = window.document.Ohm.Ohms.value;
window.document.Ohm.Amps.value = V/R;
window.document.Ohm.Watts.value = V*V/R;
}
if (lastchanged == "W") {
W = window.document.Ohm.Watts.value;
window.document.Ohm.Amps.value = W/V;
window.document.Ohm.Ohms.value = V*V/W;
}
}
function newAmps () {
I = window.document.Ohm.Amps.value;
if (lastchanged == "V") {
V = window.document.Ohm.Volts.value;
window.document.Ohm.Ohms.value = V/I;
window.document.Ohm.Watts.value = V*I;
}
if (lastchanged == "R") {
R = window.document.Ohm.Ohms.value;
window.document.Ohm.Volts.value = R*I;
window.document.Ohm.Watts.value = I*I*R;
}
if (lastchanged == "W") {
W = window.document.Ohm.Watts.value;
window.document.Ohm.Volts.value = W/I;
window.document.Ohm.Ohms.value = W/(I*I);
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}
function newOhms () {
R = window.document.Ohm.Ohms.value;
if (lastchanged == "V") {
V = window.document.Ohm.Volts.value;
window.document.Ohm.Amps.value = V/R;
window.document.Ohm.Watts.value = V*V/R;
}
if (lastchanged == "I") {
I = window.document.Ohm.Amps.value;
window.document.Ohm.Volts.value = R*I;
window.document.Ohm.Watts.value = I*I*R;
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if (lastchanged == "W") {
W = window.document.Ohm.Watts.value;
window.document.Ohm.Volts.value = Math.sqrt(W*R);
window.document.Ohm.Amps.value = Math.sqrt(W/R);
}
}
function newWatts () {
W = window.document.Ohm.Watts.value;
if (lastchanged == "V") {
V = window.document.Ohm.Volts.value;
window.document.Ohm.Ohms.value = V*V/W;
window.document.Ohm.Amps.value = W/V;
}
if (lastchanged == "R") {
R = window.document.Ohm.Ohms.value;
window.document.Ohm.Volts.value = Math.sqrt(W*R);
window.document.Ohm.Amps.value = Math.sqrt(W/R);
}
if (lastchanged == "I") {
I = window.document.Ohm.Amps.value;
window.document.Ohm.Volts.value = W/I;
window.document.Ohm.Ohms.value = W/(I*I);
}
}
// ]]>
</script>
<br />
This Ohm’s law calculator will help you to perform ohm’s law calculations easily. Even manually calculated values using ohm’s law formula you can compare with the results of this calculator.<br />
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="color: orange;">Ohms law Calculator Excel Sheet</span></b></h3>
An excel sheet for Ohm's law calculation you can access by clicking on below button. Download it and save in your laptop, computer, tablet or mobile;<br />
<div>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><a href="https://drive.google.com/open?id=1GV3ETn-KRxFUUfs6JWTWzQJLngkKgoiF" target="_blank"><img alt="Power Electronics Talks" border="0" data-original-height="1280" data-original-width="1280" height="200" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-CfdPBpMNaWo/XYd5m76paJI/AAAAAAAAAm8/wsOsuBS9FdEbUH4GpEj4xwaB-IB3gg87wCEwYBhgL/s200/Ohm%2527s%2Blaw%2BCalculator.png" title="Ohm's law Calculator" width="200" /></a></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://drive.google.com/open?id=1GV3ETn-KRxFUUfs6JWTWzQJLngkKgoiF" target="_blank">Ohm's law Calculator</a></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Now let discuss Ohm’s law definition and its calculation in detail;<br />
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="color: orange;">What is Ohm’s law</span></b></h3>
Definition of Ohm’s law is, “the current through a conductor between two points is directly proportional to the voltage across the two points”. <br />
<br />
Introduce Resistance as constant of proportionality. Resistance in below equation is constant and not dependent of the current.<br />
<br />
The German physicist Georg Ohm invented this law. As per him, at a constant temperature, the current flowing through a fixed linear resistance is directly proportional to the voltage applied across it, and inversely proportional to the resistance.<br />
<br />
In other words, we can say that, the relationship between Voltage, Current and Resistance is called as Ohm’s law.<br />
<br />
Ohm's law is an empirical relation i.e. experimental relation which precisely defines the conductivity of the many of electrically conductive materials over different level of current.<br />
<br />
<div>
Non-ohmic material do not follow Ohm's law.<br />
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="color: orange;">Ohm’s law equation</span></b></h3>
</div>
<div>
The mathematical equation for the same can be given as; Resistance = Voltage / Current.<br />
Where,<br />
Current (I) = current through the conductor in the units of amperes.<br />
Voltage (V) = voltage measured across the conductor in the units of volts.</div>
<div>
Resistance (R) = resistance of the conductor in the units of ohms.<br />
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="color: orange;">Ohm’s law formula</span></b></h3>
For calculating voltage, V <br />
V = I x R <br />
<br />
For calculating voltage, I<br />
I = V / R<br />
<br />
For calculating voltage, R<br />
R = V / I</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="color: orange;">Ohms law triangle</span></b></h3>
We can remember the ohm’s law formula's by the help of picture, which is called as Ohms law triangle.<br />
<br />
The voltage, current and resistance in this triangle occupies different spaces and are fixed in these spaces i.e. no variation of spaces is allowed.<br />
<br />
In triangle initial position starts with Voltage which is at top. Current and Resistance is at below.<br />
<br />
The voltage, current and resistance positions are fixed in the triangle as per Ohm’s law.<br />
<br />
Check below triangles to understand Ohm’s law in easy way;<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-m2RYFzrTRGE/XYd5gbptuaI/AAAAAAAAAnA/Mwl1QCIQr88w0fPOdZ6A8JuZLYw07W6BQCEwYBhgL/s1600/Ohms%2BLaw%2BTriangle.PNG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="294" data-original-width="763" height="246" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-m2RYFzrTRGE/XYd5gbptuaI/AAAAAAAAAnA/Mwl1QCIQr88w0fPOdZ6A8JuZLYw07W6BQCEwYBhgL/s640/Ohms%2BLaw%2BTriangle.PNG" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Ohm's Law Triangle</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h3>
<b><span style="color: orange;">Electric Power and Ohm’s law</span></b></h3>
We can define electric power as, it is the rate per unit time, an electric circuit transfers electrical energy. Watt one joule per second is the SI unit of power.<br />
<br />
It is represented by the letter P. <br />
In terms of voltage and current the Power can be given as; P = V x I<br />
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="color: orange;">Electric Power formula using ohm’s law</span></b></h3>
Also using ohm’s law electric power formula, we can write as;<br />
<br />
P = V² ÷ R<br />
<br />
P = I² x R<br />
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="color: orange;">Power Triangle</span></b></h3>
We can remember the formula for power by the help of picture, which is called as power triangle.<br />
<br />
The power, current and volateg in this triangle occupies different spaces and their positions are fixed in these spaces.<br />
<br />
In triangle initial position starts with Power which is at top. Current and Voltage is at below.<br />
<br />
Check below triangles to understand electrical power formula's in easy way;</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-2Mcb6Y3U34c/XYd7K3ColNI/AAAAAAAAAnM/FWqxYkLkow4Axwj_0FLhxG_DCZpwJuyfwCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Power%2BTriangle.PNG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Power Electronics Talks" border="0" data-original-height="294" data-original-width="763" height="244" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-2Mcb6Y3U34c/XYd7K3ColNI/AAAAAAAAAnM/FWqxYkLkow4Axwj_0FLhxG_DCZpwJuyfwCLcBGAsYHQ/s640/Power%2BTriangle.PNG" title="Power Triangle" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Power Triangle</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h3>
<b><span style="color: orange;">Ohm’s law wheel</span></b></h3>
Now we know very well all the formulas related to ohm’s law formula and electric power formula.<br />
<br />
By using these formulas, we can design ohms law wheel. According to Voltage, Current, Power, and Resistance twelve different formulas are mentioned in ohms law wheel.</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-CPdd7JO_X-8/XYd-h3rGuFI/AAAAAAAAAns/ybXzX8ye8cw66nt3s8dCtjprhRgu_9GKwCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Ohms%2BLaw%2BWheel.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Power Electronics Talks" border="0" data-original-height="440" data-original-width="432" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-CPdd7JO_X-8/XYd-h3rGuFI/AAAAAAAAAns/ybXzX8ye8cw66nt3s8dCtjprhRgu_9GKwCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Ohms%2BLaw%2BWheel.png" title="Ohm's Law Wheel" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.8px;">Ohm's Law Wheel</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
Also, on the basis of same we can create Ohm's law Table of Formulas;</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-8PsczKtveWA/XYd8ump9FNI/AAAAAAAAAng/Xc_10xJFaucO1SQKchoD5m6QyAlayEehgCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Ohms%2BLaw%2BTable%2Bof%2BFormulas.PNG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Power Electronics Talks" border="0" data-original-height="323" data-original-width="593" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-8PsczKtveWA/XYd8ump9FNI/AAAAAAAAAng/Xc_10xJFaucO1SQKchoD5m6QyAlayEehgCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Ohms%2BLaw%2BTable%2Bof%2BFormulas.PNG" title="Ohms Law Table of Formulas" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Ohms Law Table of Formulas</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="color: orange;">Conclusion</span></b></h3>
<div>
The person who mostly deals with electrical and electronics terms or mostly with resistance the Ohm's law is an important rule to solve the current, voltage, resistance and power issues. The calculations presented here surely will help to calculate Ohm's law manually and to understand the Ohm's law concept. The calculator presented here will ease the calculation process.<br />
<br /></div>
</div>
</div>
Adminhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12743833901137477565noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6408332436287516652.post-6801679039358796762019-09-11T07:39:00.000-07:002020-01-23T05:35:38.280-08:00Resistor for LED Calculator<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: orange;">Resistor for LED Calculator</span></h2>
<script type='text/javascript'>function led_i_lim_calc() {
var calc = document.getElementById('ledrcalc');
var vcc = calc.vcc.value;
var iled = calc.iled.value;
var vled = calc.vled.value;
var rled = 1000*vled/iled;
var rtot = 1000*vcc/iled;
var rlim = rtot-rled;
calc.rlim.value = rlim;
return false;
}</script>
<form id="ledrcalc" action="#"><font color="#000000"></p>
<table align="center" border="1">
<tr>
<td align="right">Input Voltage (V) </td>
<td align="left"><input type="text" name="vcc" size="4" /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="right">LED Forward Current (mA) </td>
<td align="left"><input type="text" name="iled" size="4" /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="right">LED Forward Voltage Drop (V) </td>
<td align="left"><input type="text" name="vled" size="4" /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" align="center"><input type="button" value="Calculate" onclick="led_i_lim_calc();" /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="right">Current Limiting Resistor (Ω) </td>
<td alig="left"><input type="text" name="rlim" size="4" readonly="readonly" /></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p></font></form>
<br />
In almost all applications where LED’s are used, a <b>resistor in series with LED</b> is connected. Selection of <b>resistor for LED</b> is not a difficult task only step wise process has to follow which is given in this article.<br />
<br />
Also, <b>Resistor for LED Calculator</b> has been provided which will help you to calculate the LED resistor in easy way. Also, you can cross check your calculated LED resistor value is matching with the value generated by <b>LED resistor calculator</b>.
This <b>calculator for LED resistor</b> is very useful and easy to use.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-nWR2j7i2JAc/XhATJRlbYNI/AAAAAAAAAsw/utlc8Bc1b001Pa_MzMSCf5xQ4FGT0jhrgCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Resistor%2Bfor%2BLED%2Bcalculator.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Resistor for LED calculator" border="0" data-original-height="290" data-original-width="408" height="227" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-nWR2j7i2JAc/XhATJRlbYNI/AAAAAAAAAsw/utlc8Bc1b001Pa_MzMSCf5xQ4FGT0jhrgCLcBGAsYHQ/s320/Resistor%2Bfor%2BLED%2Bcalculator.jpg" title="Resistor for LED calculator" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Resistor for LED calculator</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="color: orange;">Click below button to get Resistor for LED Calculator or LED Resistor Calculator in Excel file</span></b></h3>
Please click on below symbol and download the "Resistor for LED Calculator" in your computer, laptop, tablet or mobile.<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><a href="https://drive.google.com/open?id=1RcLnPlYTls0cV9b8NygdWqmyrdlJ0oMi" target="_blank"><img alt="Resistor for LED calculator" border="0" data-original-height="100" data-original-width="100" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-m_TWxP87-dY/XhATpEEsIzI/AAAAAAAAAs4/3BwNL6EKckE5oduu8RFa20WwqUnEGuNTgCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Resistor%2Bfor%2BLED%2BCalculator.png" title="Resistor for LED calculator" /></a></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://drive.google.com/open?id=1RcLnPlYTls0cV9b8NygdWqmyrdlJ0oMi" target="_blank">Resistor for LED calculator</a></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
Now let discuss the steps to calculate Resistor for LED and same steps has been used to develop Resistor for LED Calculator;<br />
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="color: orange;">Use of Resistor for LED’s</span></b></h3>
LEDs are more common for almost many of applications as an indicator or light. This is because it has good power efficiency. Also, it has good life span as compare to incandescent or fluorescent lamps.<br />
<br />
Full form of LED is Light Emitting Diode. It’s a type of diode. Like diode it also has polarity i.e. anode and cathode. With suitable application of power across it i.e. the power matching to LED specifications, LED works and produce light.<br />
<br />
We have to follow the polarity requirement of the LED, same like diode otherwise it will fail. Because LED allows low value of reverse polarity voltage approximately 5 volts.<br />
<br />
Know you know that LED is a diode so, the current across the LED should not cross the limit otherwise it will cause failure to the LED.<br />
<br />
This is the reason why resistor in the series with the LED is used. In simple words the LED resistor controls the current across the LED.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-hYZB2ensvgc/XhAUfYYiZ4I/AAAAAAAAAtE/EXtb6d86YfkzoPt0Fp3BeVpmJPkZxKEHACLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Resistor%2Bwith%2BLED.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Resistor for LED Calculator" border="0" data-original-height="212" data-original-width="320" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-hYZB2ensvgc/XhAUfYYiZ4I/AAAAAAAAAtE/EXtb6d86YfkzoPt0Fp3BeVpmJPkZxKEHACLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Resistor%2Bwith%2BLED.jpg" title="Resistor with LED" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.8px;">Resistor with LED</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
Now let see the necessities or requirements for the current control resistor that must be used with a LED;<br />
<br />
We know that LED’s are available in different colours. Each colour LED is made by different materials and these material have different voltage requirements. So, each colour LED has different electrical requirements and hence different specifications.<br />
<br />
In LED specifications we refer a term, “Forward Voltage (Vf)”. This is the voltage which makes LED to work.<br />
<br />
Below are forward voltage requirements of some common LED’s;<br />
<br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Red = approximately 1.7 volts</li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Green = approximately 2.2 volts</li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Orange = approximately 2.0 volts</li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Yellow = approximately 2.1 volts</li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>White = approximately 3.2 volts</li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Blue = approximately 3.2 volts</li>
</ul>
Now we can clearly see the variation in the forward voltage. By knowing the forward voltage, we have to pass current in proper amount across the LED. So, resistor in series with LED is used, where resistor controls the current according to forward voltage.<br />
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="color: orange;">Correct resistor for LED</span></b></h3>
Without using a resistor, if we apply direct DC voltage to a LED, it will work.<br />
<br />
But if the applied voltage and current is not matching to the requirement of LED, the LED will glow dim or bright or may be it get heated and fails.<br />
<br />
In simple words, less current across LED, the LED will glow dim. More current across LED, the LED will glow bright.<br />
<br />
If current crosses the electrical requirement of LED, the LED will fail.<br />
<br />
So, a resistor we have to connect in series with the LED whose current we want to control.<br />
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="color: orange;">Calculation for selection of LED resistor</span></b></h3>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-eIFrejTleDk/XhAVFafMA_I/AAAAAAAAAtM/9yhp6d_FHrIN9s_zNklczhmgBeCVaK6RACLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Resistor%2Bin%2Bseries%2Bwith%2BLED.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Resistor in series with LED" border="0" data-original-height="231" data-original-width="410" height="180" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-eIFrejTleDk/XhAVFafMA_I/AAAAAAAAAtM/9yhp6d_FHrIN9s_zNklczhmgBeCVaK6RACLcBGAsYHQ/s320/Resistor%2Bin%2Bseries%2Bwith%2BLED.png" title="Resistor in series with LED" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.8px;">Resistor in series with LED</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
The resistor selection depends on Ohm’s law i.e. R = V/I.<br />
<br />
V is the applied DC voltage. This can be calculated as; V = (applied Vdc) – Vf.<br />
<br />
I is the amount of current which should flow across the LED to make it ON.<br />
<br />
Applied DC voltage should me more than forward voltage (Vf) of LED. i.e. if you apply 12Vdc and LED has Vf of 3.2V so, a drop of 3.2V is easily possible across the LED and it works. But less than 3.2 will never make LED to glow.<br />
<br />
<div>
The typical forward voltage and forward current requirement of LED you can easily find in LED specification sheet.<br />
<br />
Now our formula becomes;<br />
<br />
R = (Vdc – Vf) / If<br />
<br />
Now let try with an example;<br />
<br />
Vdc = 12V<br />
<br />
Vf = 3.2V<br />
<br />
If = 0.010A<br />
<br />
Then,<br />
<br />
R = (12 – 3.2) / 0.010<br />
<br />
R = 880 ohm. Select standard resistor value; R = 910 ohm.<br />
<br />
Now calculate the power rating of resistor.<br />
<br />
P = V x I<br />
<br />
P = (12 – 3.2) x 0.010<br />
<br />
P = 0.088W<br />
<br />
We can select 0.25W for this application as it is more than the calculated one. If we use the wattage rating less then calculated value, the resistor become hot.<br />
<br />
While creating "<b>Resistor for LED Calculato</b>r" we followed same formulas.<br />
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="color: orange;">Many LED’s in a circuit</span></b></h3>
Consider a case, there’s a requirement of many LED’s in an application.<br />
<br />
We can use multiple LED’s of same colour or different colour in parallel connection.<br />
<br />
By this same voltage from voltage source will be available at each LED string, but the current requirement will increase according to number of LED’s.<br />
<br />
As current increase the wattage requirement of each resistor will also increase.<br />
<br />
Let understand this by an example;<br />
<br />
Vdc = 12V<br />
<br />
Vf = 3.2V<br />
<br />
Number of LED strings in parallel = 5<br />
<br />
Single LED current requirement = 0.010A<br />
<br />
Total current requirement, I =5 x 0.010 = 0.050A<br />
<br />
Using the formula;<br />
<br />
R = (12 – 3.2)/0.050<br />
<br />
R = 176 ohm. Select standard resistor value; R = 180 ohm.<br />
<br />
Wattage we can calculate;<br />
<br />
P = V x I = (12 – 3.2) x 0.050 = 0.44<br />
<br />
We can select 0.25W for this application as it is more than the calculated value.<br />
<br />
For different colour LED’s we have to calculate current requirement of each string and add all current.<br />
<br />
In this case also voltage will be same and we have to subtract forward voltage from supply voltage.<br />
<br />
Calculation of power rating of resistor value will remain same like previous performed calculations. As mentioned before you have to select high wattage resistor as compare to calculated one.<br />
<br />
In "Resistor for LED Calculator" we had already included the calculator for both resistor for LED in series and resistor for LED in parallel.<br />
<br />
To know more about resistor, please visit below articles;<br />
<br />
"<b><a href="https://www.powerelectronicstalks.com/2018/10/resistor-and-working-of-resistor.html" style="background-color: white;" target="_blank">Resistor and Working of Resistor</a></b>"<br />
<br />
"<b><a href="https://www.powerelectronicstalks.com/2018/10/electrical-resistance-and-resistivity.html" style="background-color: white;" target="_blank">Electrical Resistance and Resistivity</a></b>"<br />
<br />
"<b><a href="https://www.powerelectronicstalks.com/2019/08/standard-resistor-values.html" style="background-color: white;" target="_blank">Standard Resistor Values</a></b>"<br />
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="color: orange;">Conclusion</span></b></h3>
We had seen that the selection of resistor for LED is simple and we have to follow the Ohm’s law. But we have to give importance to LED’s specification sheet before performing any calculations. So, that the voltage, current and wattage should be in the limit and do not damage the resistor. The Resistor for LED Calculator will help you to easily calculate these values.<br />
<br /></div>
</div>
Adminhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12743833901137477565noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6408332436287516652.post-41351375462822126492019-08-15T01:54:00.000-07:002020-01-14T05:49:24.737-08:00RoHS 3 Directive<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
We know that full form of <b>RoHS</b> is <b>Restriction of Hazardous Substances</b>. It influences the whole electronics and electrical products. Here we will see the details about <b>RoHS 3 directive</b> and the particulars which will make our electrical and electronics products <b>RoHS 3 compliant</b>.<br />
<br />
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="color: orange;">What is RoHS 3 directive? </span></b></h2>
Let before understanding the RoHS 3 directive let get some details about RoHS 1 and RoHS 2.<br />
<br />
The initial RoHS is Directive 2002/95/EC, where it restricts the use of six hazardous materials present in electrical and electronic products. This is also called as RoHS 1. RoHS is mandatory for all relevant electrical and electronics products in the EU market from July 1, 2006. <br />
<br />
Then RoHS 2 is presented i.e. directive 2011/65/EU. It contains CE-marking directive. <br />
<br />
RoHS 3 is introduced to update the present RoHS directive. RoHS 3 is also known as 2015/863 directive.<br />
<br />
With the introduction of RoHS 3 directive four extra or additional restricted substances (phthalates) are included or added to the list of previous six substances. Also it adds Category 11 products i.e. All other electrical and electronic equipment. These are not covered in other RoHS categories.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-7w9Y-ZxH2Io/XVJ7So3cQ5I/AAAAAAAAAlQ/0PrZ0Dkrg2IrBUG0Fu8Bpb7rLphqyHzBQCLcBGAs/s1600/RoHS%2B3.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="RoHS 3 Directive" border="0" data-original-height="712" data-original-width="1166" height="243" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-7w9Y-ZxH2Io/XVJ7So3cQ5I/AAAAAAAAAlQ/0PrZ0Dkrg2IrBUG0Fu8Bpb7rLphqyHzBQCLcBGAs/s400/RoHS%2B3.png" title="RoHS 3" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">RoHS 3</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="color: orange;">Why to proceed for RoHS 3 compliant products?</span></b></h3>
Initially the RoHS 1 directive (2002/95/EC) and RoHS 2 directive (2011/65/EU) restricts six hazardous substances. The list of six hazardous substances and their permitted content as follows;<br />
<br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Lead(Pb) : 0.1%</li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Mercury: 0.1%</li>
</ul>
<div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Cadmium(Cd): 0.01%</li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Hexavalent chromium (Cr6+) : 0.1%</li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Polybrominated Biphenyls (PBB): 0.1 %</li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDE): 0.1 %</li>
</ul>
<div>
RoHS 3 directive EU 2015/863 added four more hazardous substances in the old list of six substances. The list of newly added four hazardous substances and their permitted content as follows;<br />
<br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Bis(2-Ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP): max 0.1%</li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP): max 0.1%)</li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Dibutyl phthalate (DBP): max 0.1%</li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Diisobutyl phthalate (DIBP): max 0.1% </li>
</ul>
These newly added substances i.e. phthalates are the chemicals whose applications are for softening the plastics.<br />
<br />
Think if these substances are present in toys. These substances cause a severe problem to human being and damages vital human and animal organs. Because of these severe issues RoHS 3 is introduced.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-1rJCEXaUKls/XVJ7lv3jZNI/AAAAAAAAAlY/UX2L9kzzKPU3BpXulRF_cAjGFy_Pp9XBwCLcBGAs/s1600/RoHS%2B3%2BCompliant.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="RoHS 3 Directive" border="0" data-original-height="1244" data-original-width="1520" height="326" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-1rJCEXaUKls/XVJ7lv3jZNI/AAAAAAAAAlY/UX2L9kzzKPU3BpXulRF_cAjGFy_Pp9XBwCLcBGAs/s400/RoHS%2B3%2BCompliant.jpg" title="RoHS 3 Compliant" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">RoHS 3 Compliant</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="color: orange;">RoHS 3 exemptions</span></b></h3>
Let discuss about all RoHS exempted and impacted categories, here category for RoHS 3 exemptions also included.<br />
<br />
As per the latest amendment categories 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10 and 11 are impacted from compliance according to schedule 1 of the WEEE Directive. Category 11 is newly added. <br />
<br />
Category 8 and category 9 of the RoHS directive are presently exempted from compliance. <br />
<br />
List of ROHS product categories; <br />
<br />
Category 1 – Large household appliances: refrigerators, stoves, washers, air conditioners <br />
<br />
Category 2 – Small household appliances: vacuum cleaners, hair dryers, coffee makers, irons <br />
<br />
Category 3 – Computing & communications equipment: computers, printers, copiers, phones <br />
<br />
Category 4 – Consumer electronics: DVD players, TVs, stereos, video cameras <br />
<br />
Category 5 – Lighting: lamps, lighting fixtures, light bulbs <br />
<br />
Category 6 – Power tools: drills, saws, nail guns, sprayers, lathes, trimmers, blowers <br />
<br />
Category 7 – Toys and sports equipment: videogames, electric trains, treadmills <br />
<br />
Category 8 – Medical devices and equipment <br />
<br />
Category 9 – Control and monitoring equipment <br />
<br />
Category 10 – Automatic dispensers: vending machines, ATM machines <br />
<br />
Category 11 – All other electrical and electronic equipment <br />
<br />
Categories 8 and 9 restrictions will go into effect from July 22, 2021. This is an extension given to medical devices and control – monitoring equipment’s. These are the medical and control devices and will take time for replacement. Immediately ban will affect the medical treatments and process. <br />
<br />
Below lines are from; <br />
<br />
<b>COMMISSION DELEGATED DIRECTIVE (EU) 2015/863 of 31 March 2015 </b><br />
<br />
“The restriction of DEHP, BBP, DBP and DIBP shall apply to medical devices, including in vitro medical devices, and monitoring and control instruments, including industrial monitoring and control instruments, from 22 July 2021.” <br />
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="color: orange;">RoHS 3 effective date </span></b></h3>
RoHS 3 effective date as per the amended standard;<br />
<br />
From July 22, 2019 for all electrical and electronic apparatus other than categories 8 and 9, the restriction on the added four substances is in effect. <br />
<br />
From July 22, 2021 categories 8 and 9 restrictions will go into effect. <br />
<br />
These RoHS 3 deadlines every manufacturer should note otherwise they won’t get in EU market.<br />
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="color: orange;">RoHS 3 declaration for products </span></b></h3>
Manufacturers can now include a new paragraph or statement (along with the old declaration of RoHS 1 and RoHS 2) on the declaration where they can declare;<br />
<br />
Confirmation with the latest amendment along with latest directive number. <br />
<br />
Mention limits for all the ten substances (adding four phthalates to the list). <br />
<br />
For more details about RoHS 3 declaration please contact testing and certification agencies in your respective country.<br />
<br />
More details about RoHS, RoHS Substances and WEEE you can get from;<br />
<br />
"<b style="background-color: #0b5394;"><a href="https://www.powerelectronicstalks.com/2018/12/rohs-and-rohs-substances.html" style="background-color: white;" target="_blank">RoHS and RoHS Substances</a></b>"<br />
<br />
"<b style="background-color: #0b5394;"><a href="https://www.powerelectronicstalks.com/2019/01/rohs-and-weee-for-e-waste.html" style="background-color: white;" target="_blank">RoHS and WEEE for e-Waste</a></b>"<br />
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="color: orange;">Conclusion </span></b></h3>
We know now the importance of RoHS and how it is protecting human and environment from the hazardous substances. Introduction or inclusion of RoHS 3 directive definitely will help everyone and will make us aware about hazardous substances present in a product.<br />
<br />
Even manufacturer now knows their responsibility and can’t sell product without declaration. <br />
<br /></div>
</div>
</div>
Adminhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12743833901137477565noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6408332436287516652.post-80143638141502062362019-08-03T06:04:00.005-07:002022-12-11T00:33:12.049-08:00Standard Resistor Values<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br />
</span><h1 style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="color: orange; font-family: georgia;">What are Standard Resistor Values?</span></b></h1><span style="font-family: georgia;">Standard Resistor Values are the chosen values of resistance which are grouped in different series. <br />
<br />
The selection of these resistor values is depend on logarithmic sequence, which decides the placement of different resistance values in such a way that they relate with each other by tolerance. <br />
<br />
The advantage of having Standard Resistor Values is that, every resistor manufacturers follows the standard and manufactures these values, by which these resistor values are easily available with competitive price. <br />
<br />
Also for a circuit design while selecting a resistor, designer can get reference from list of these resistor values and choose resistance value matching to his calculated resistance value. <br />
<br />
Generally standard resistor values are available in the tolerance range of ±1%, ±2%, ±5%, ±10% and ±20%.<br />
<br />
To know more about resistors please visit below mentioned articles;<br />
<br />
"<a href="https://www.powerelectronicstalks.com/2018/10/resistor-and-working-of-resistor.html" style="background-color: white;" target="_blank">Resistor and Working of Resistor</a>"<br />
<br />
"<a href="https://www.powerelectronicstalks.com/2018/10/electrical-resistance-and-resistivity.html" style="background-color: white;" target="_blank">Electrical Resistance and Resistivity</a>".<br />
</span><div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br />
</span><div style="text-align: left;">
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><b><span style="color: orange;">E series of Standard Resistor Values</span></b> </span></h3><span style="font-family: georgia;">
E series is the name of the group of series of the standard resistor values. Here in the series the values are decided such that the upper side tolerance of one resistance value should not cross the lower side tolerance of another resistance value. <br />
<br />
The standard resistor values structure is also called as EIA standard resistor values because this is approved by EIA (Electrical Industries Association). <br />
<br />
The E series standard resistor values are globally recognized and have been accepted by all organisations who deal with international standards. <br />
<br />
E-series of Standard Resistor Values are published in standard IEC 60063:1963. <br />
<br />
</span><h3>
<b><span style="color: orange; font-family: georgia;">What is Standard Resistance? </span></b></h3><span style="font-family: georgia;">
Let understand the Standard Resistance with an example. Consider a resistor of resistance value 1Ω, which have a resistance tolerance of ±20%. This means, the minimum resistance of this resistor will be 0.2Ω and the maximum resistance of this resistor will be 1.2Ω. So, as per resistor standard values the next available resistor value after 1.2Ω will be 1.5Ω. <br />
<br />
Further same standard resistor value rule will be followed by 1.5Ω for both side i.e. minimum and maximum resistor tolerance. The minimum resistance value of 1.5Ω with ±20% resistance tolerance is 1.2Ω, which is touching the 1.2Ω value, not overlapping it. <br />
<br />
For all the values present in the decade this process is followed and finally it creates a set of different resistance values named as Standard Resistor Values or Resistor Standard Values. <br />
<br />
</span><h3 style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="color: orange; font-family: georgia;">Available Resistor Values with E series </span></b></h3><span style="font-family: georgia;">
Now we know about E series of Standard Resistor Values. Each E series represents different available resistor values.<br />
<br />
Let understand it in detail, here each set of standard resistor values have an identification number i.e. E-series number. Here “E” is constant and “series” denotes the number i.e. 1, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 96 and 192. <br />
<br />
E1 has 1 resistor values in each decade, E3 has 3 resistor values in each decade, E6 has 6 resistor values in each decade, E12 has 12 resistor values in each decade, E24 has 24 resistor values in each decade, and it continues further.<br />
<br />
</span><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-I4hXFlhTtcI/XUP_sB81_uI/AAAAAAAAAko/URU_cOY7aV8Dwbw0fSDDDl9Bzg5bEWRoQCLcBGAs/s1600/Standard%2BResistor%2BValues.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><img alt="Standard Resistor Values" border="0" data-original-height="403" data-original-width="417" height="309" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-I4hXFlhTtcI/XUP_sB81_uI/AAAAAAAAAko/URU_cOY7aV8Dwbw0fSDDDl9Bzg5bEWRoQCLcBGAs/s320/Standard%2BResistor%2BValues.JPG" title="A decade of the E6 resistor values" width="320" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">A decade of the E6 resistor values</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h3>
<b><span style="color: orange; font-family: georgia;">Resistor Tolerance with E series </span></b></h3><span style="font-family: georgia;">
E1 resistor series have very wide tolerance range and now days it didn’t exist. <br />
<br />
Further let understand the E series resistor tolerance with E3 series. As mentioned above 3 resistor values are available in E3 series these are; 1, 2.2 and 4.7. The resistor tolerance is much more than 20%. This is a basic series and rarely used now days because requirement of today’s applications need narrow resistor tolerance, but this series has wide tolerance range. <br />
<br />
This series we can found in the application related to electrolytic capacitors where the tolerance requirement is unbalanced i.e. minimum tolerance requirement is less and maximum tolerance requirement is more or vice versa, like tolerance of -20 at minimum side and +70% at maximum side. Also, we can found these series in applications where or for components where pull-up resistor value requirement are not critical. <br />
<br />
Next is E6 series which have 6 resistor values in each decade. The resistor tolerance is ±20%. <br />
<br />
Let see further E6 series in detail. In E6 series each decade is divided into 6 steps. The size of every step is equal to: <br />
<br />
10E(1/6)= 1.44 <br />
<br />
Below diagram explains it in more detail;<br />
<br />
</span><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-2GuL8615M-k/XUP_c4z0Z4I/AAAAAAAAAkk/O9pF4-iv7Fg9O8QH-MrGlIc-payQ2fZCgCEwYBhgL/s1600/Resistor%2BTolerance%2Bwith%2BE%2Bseries.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><img alt="Standard Resistor Values" border="0" data-original-height="366" data-original-width="600" height="195" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-2GuL8615M-k/XUP_c4z0Z4I/AAAAAAAAAkk/O9pF4-iv7Fg9O8QH-MrGlIc-payQ2fZCgCEwYBhgL/s320/Resistor%2BTolerance%2Bwith%2BE%2Bseries.jpg" title="Resistor Tolerance with E series" width="320" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Resistor Tolerance with E series</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table><span style="font-family: georgia;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Further is E12 series which have 12 resistor values in each decade. The resistor tolerance is ±10%. <br />
<br />
E24 series have tolerance range of ±5%. E48 series have tolerance range of ±2%. E96 series have tolerance range of ±1%. E192 series have tolerance range of ≤±0.5%. <br />
<br />
Below tables shows summary of different E series and their resistance tolerance;<br />
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<b><span style="color: #e36c0a; font-family: georgia; font-size: 10pt;">E series<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #e36c0a; font-family: georgia; font-size: 10pt;">Available Resistor Values<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #e36c0a; font-family: georgia; font-size: 10pt;">Resistor Tolerance<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 10pt;">E1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 25.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.75pt;" width="81"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 10pt;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 10pt;">Very wide tolerance<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 10pt;">E3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 10pt;">3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 79.9pt;" width="107"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 10pt;">> 20%<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 10pt;">E6<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 10pt;">6<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 10pt;">20%<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 10pt;">E12<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 10pt;">12<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 10pt;">10%<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 10pt;">E24<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 51pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.75pt;" width="81"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 10pt;">24<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 51pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 79.9pt;" width="107"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 10pt;">5% (some-times 2% also available)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
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<tr style="height: 15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 46.35pt;" width="62"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 10pt;">E48<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.75pt;" width="81"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 10pt;">48<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 79.9pt;" width="107"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 10pt;">2%<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
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<tr style="height: 15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 10pt;">E96<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.75pt;" width="81"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 10pt;">96<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 79.9pt;" width="107"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 10pt;">1%<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
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<tr style="height: 26.25pt; mso-yfti-irow: 8; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 26.25pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 46.35pt;" width="62"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 10pt;">E192<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 26.25pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.75pt;" width="81"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 10pt;">192<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 26.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 79.9pt;" width="107"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 10pt;">0.5%, 0.25%, 0.1%<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
</div>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="color: orange; font-family: georgia;">Standard Resistor Values Table</span></b></h3><span style="font-family: georgia;">
Please click on below image to get excel sheet having Standard Resistor Values table.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><br />
</span><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><a href="https://drive.google.com/open?id=1zJl7EkN8YGZev6sES_IhrUDGw-YzIARv" target="_blank"><img alt="Standard Resistor Values Table" border="0" data-original-height="875" data-original-width="875" height="200" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Q6Il-BxuPxc/XZtBXTtHnxI/AAAAAAAAAoE/779AKsYPL48k9nzQ71-wNIi0Kf6QKtAqwCLcBGAsYHQ/s200/Standard%2BResistor%2BValues%2BTable.png" title="Standard Resistor Values Table" width="200" /></a></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://drive.google.com/open?id=1zJl7EkN8YGZev6sES_IhrUDGw-YzIARv" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Standard Resistor Values Table</span></a></td></tr>
</tbody></table><span style="font-family: georgia;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Below table shows list of Standard Resistor Values in tabular format;<br />
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
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<td colspan="9" nowrap="" style="border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 199.2pt;" width="266"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #538dd5; font-family: georgia; font-size: 12pt;">Standard Resistor Values Table<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
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<td colspan="9" nowrap="" style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: 1pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 199.2pt;" width="266"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 6pt;">These
values are normally available in the multiples of; <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 6pt;">0.1,
1, 10, 100, 1k, and 1M.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</tr>
<tr style="height: 16.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="background: rgb(221, 217, 196); border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 16.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 16.8pt;" width="22"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">E1<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(197, 217, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22pt;" width="29"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">E3<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(220, 230, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18.65pt;" width="25"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">E6<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(242, 220, 219); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.3pt;" width="28"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">E12<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(235, 241, 222); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" width="28"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">E24<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(253, 233, 217); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.55pt;" width="29"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">E48<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(228, 223, 236); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.05pt;" width="37"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">E96<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 4.5pt;">E192<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1cm;" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 4.5pt;">E192<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 4.5pt;">(cont.)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="background: rgb(221, 217, 196); border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 16.8pt;" width="22"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">1<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(197, 217, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22pt;" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">1<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(220, 230, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="25"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">1<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(242, 220, 219); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">1<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(235, 241, 222); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">1<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(253, 233, 217); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">1<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(228, 223, 236); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="37"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">1<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">1<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1cm;" valign="bottom" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">3.16<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="background: rgb(221, 217, 196); border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 16.8pt;" width="22"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(197, 217, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22pt;" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">2.2<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(220, 230, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="25"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">1.5<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(242, 220, 219); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">1.2<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(235, 241, 222); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">1.1<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(253, 233, 217); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">1.05<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(228, 223, 236); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="37"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">1.02<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">1.01<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1cm;" valign="bottom" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">3.2<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="background: rgb(221, 217, 196); border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 16.8pt;" width="22"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(197, 217, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22pt;" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">4.7<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(220, 230, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="25"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">2.2<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(242, 220, 219); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">1.5<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(235, 241, 222); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">1.2<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(253, 233, 217); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">1.1<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(228, 223, 236); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="37"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">1.05<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">1.02<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1cm;" valign="bottom" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">3.24<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="background: rgb(221, 217, 196); border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 16.8pt;" width="22"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(197, 217, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22pt;" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(220, 230, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="25"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">3.3<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(242, 220, 219); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">1.8<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(235, 241, 222); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">1.3<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(253, 233, 217); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">1.15<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(228, 223, 236); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="37"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">1.07<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">1.04<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1cm;" valign="bottom" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">3.28<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td style="background: rgb(221, 217, 196); border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 16.8pt;" width="22"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(197, 217, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22pt;" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(220, 230, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="25"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">4.7<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(242, 220, 219); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">2.2<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(235, 241, 222); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">1.5<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(253, 233, 217); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">1.21<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(228, 223, 236); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="37"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">1.1<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">1.05<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1cm;" valign="bottom" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">3.32<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 8;">
<td style="background: rgb(221, 217, 196); border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 16.8pt;" width="22"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(197, 217, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22pt;" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(220, 230, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="25"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">6.8<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(242, 220, 219); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">2.7<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(235, 241, 222); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">1.6<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(253, 233, 217); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">1.27<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(228, 223, 236); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="37"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">1.13<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">1.06<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1cm;" valign="bottom" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">3.36<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 9;">
<td style="background: rgb(221, 217, 196); border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 16.8pt;" width="22"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(197, 217, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22pt;" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(220, 230, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="25"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(242, 220, 219); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">3.3<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(235, 241, 222); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">1.8<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(253, 233, 217); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">1.33<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(228, 223, 236); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="37"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">1.15<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">1.07<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1cm;" valign="bottom" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">3.4<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 10;">
<td style="background: rgb(221, 217, 196); border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 16.8pt;" width="22"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(197, 217, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22pt;" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(220, 230, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="25"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(242, 220, 219); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">3.9<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(235, 241, 222); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">2<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(253, 233, 217); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">1.4<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(228, 223, 236); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="37"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">1.18<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">1.09<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1cm;" valign="bottom" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">3.44<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 11;">
<td style="background: rgb(221, 217, 196); border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 16.8pt;" width="22"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(197, 217, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22pt;" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(220, 230, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="25"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(242, 220, 219); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">4.7<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(235, 241, 222); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">2.2<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(253, 233, 217); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">1.47<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(228, 223, 236); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="37"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">1.21<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">1.1<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1cm;" valign="bottom" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">3.48<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 12;">
<td style="background: rgb(221, 217, 196); border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 16.8pt;" width="22"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(197, 217, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22pt;" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(220, 230, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="25"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(242, 220, 219); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">5.6<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(235, 241, 222); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">2.4<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(253, 233, 217); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">1.54<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(228, 223, 236); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="37"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">1.24<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">1.11<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1cm;" valign="bottom" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">3.52<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 13;">
<td style="background: rgb(221, 217, 196); border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 16.8pt;" width="22"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(197, 217, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22pt;" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(220, 230, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="25"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(242, 220, 219); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">6.8<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(235, 241, 222); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">2.7<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(253, 233, 217); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">1.62<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(228, 223, 236); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="37"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">1.27<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">1.13<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1cm;" valign="bottom" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">3.57<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 14;">
<td style="background: rgb(221, 217, 196); border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 16.8pt;" width="22"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(197, 217, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22pt;" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(220, 230, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="25"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(242, 220, 219); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">8.2<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(235, 241, 222); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">3<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(253, 233, 217); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">1.69<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(228, 223, 236); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="37"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">1.3<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">1.14<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1cm;" valign="bottom" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">3.61<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 15;">
<td style="background: rgb(221, 217, 196); border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 16.8pt;" width="22"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(197, 217, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22pt;" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(220, 230, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="25"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(242, 220, 219); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(235, 241, 222); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">3.3<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(253, 233, 217); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">1.78<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(228, 223, 236); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="37"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">1.33<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">1.15<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1cm;" valign="bottom" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">3.65<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 16;">
<td style="background: rgb(221, 217, 196); border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 16.8pt;" width="22"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(197, 217, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22pt;" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(220, 230, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="25"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(242, 220, 219); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(235, 241, 222); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">3.6<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(253, 233, 217); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">1.87<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(228, 223, 236); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="37"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">1.37<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">1.17<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1cm;" valign="bottom" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">3.7<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 17;">
<td style="background: rgb(221, 217, 196); border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 16.8pt;" width="22"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(197, 217, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22pt;" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(220, 230, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="25"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(242, 220, 219); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(235, 241, 222); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">3.9<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(253, 233, 217); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">1.96<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(228, 223, 236); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="37"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">1.4<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">1.18<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1cm;" valign="bottom" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">3.74<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 18;">
<td style="background: rgb(221, 217, 196); border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 16.8pt;" width="22"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(197, 217, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22pt;" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(220, 230, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="25"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(242, 220, 219); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(235, 241, 222); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">4.3<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(253, 233, 217); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">2.05<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(228, 223, 236); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="37"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">1.43<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">1.2<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1cm;" valign="bottom" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">3.79<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 19;">
<td style="background: rgb(221, 217, 196); border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 16.8pt;" width="22"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(197, 217, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22pt;" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(220, 230, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="25"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(242, 220, 219); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(235, 241, 222); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">4.7<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(253, 233, 217); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">2.15<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(228, 223, 236); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="37"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">1.47<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">1.21<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1cm;" valign="bottom" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">3.83<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 20;">
<td style="background: rgb(221, 217, 196); border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 16.8pt;" width="22"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(197, 217, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22pt;" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(220, 230, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="25"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(242, 220, 219); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(235, 241, 222); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">5.1<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(253, 233, 217); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">2.26<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(228, 223, 236); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="37"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">1.5<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">1.23<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1cm;" valign="bottom" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">3.88<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 21;">
<td style="background: rgb(221, 217, 196); border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 16.8pt;" width="22"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(197, 217, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22pt;" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(220, 230, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="25"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(242, 220, 219); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(235, 241, 222); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">5.6<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(253, 233, 217); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">2.37<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(228, 223, 236); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="37"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">1.54<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">1.24<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1cm;" valign="bottom" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">3.92<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 22;">
<td style="background: rgb(221, 217, 196); border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 16.8pt;" width="22"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(197, 217, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22pt;" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(220, 230, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="25"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(242, 220, 219); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(235, 241, 222); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">6.2<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(253, 233, 217); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">2.49<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(228, 223, 236); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="37"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">1.58<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">1.26<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1cm;" valign="bottom" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">3.97<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 23;">
<td style="background: rgb(221, 217, 196); border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 16.8pt;" width="22"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(197, 217, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22pt;" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(220, 230, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="25"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(242, 220, 219); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(235, 241, 222); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">6.8<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(253, 233, 217); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">2.61<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(228, 223, 236); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="37"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">1.62<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">1.27<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1cm;" valign="bottom" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">4.02<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 24;">
<td style="background: rgb(221, 217, 196); border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 16.8pt;" width="22"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(197, 217, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22pt;" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(220, 230, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="25"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(242, 220, 219); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(235, 241, 222); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">7.5<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(253, 233, 217); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">2.74<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(228, 223, 236); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="37"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">1.65<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">1.29<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1cm;" valign="bottom" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">4.07<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 25;">
<td style="background: rgb(221, 217, 196); border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 16.8pt;" width="22"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(197, 217, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22pt;" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(220, 230, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="25"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(242, 220, 219); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(235, 241, 222); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">8.2<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(253, 233, 217); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">2.87<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(228, 223, 236); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="37"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">1.69<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">1.3<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1cm;" valign="bottom" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">4.12<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 26;">
<td style="background: rgb(221, 217, 196); border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 16.8pt;" width="22"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(197, 217, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22pt;" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(220, 230, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="25"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(242, 220, 219); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(235, 241, 222); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">9.1<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(253, 233, 217); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">3.01<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(228, 223, 236); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="37"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">1.74<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">1.32<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1cm;" valign="bottom" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">4.17<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 27;">
<td style="background: rgb(221, 217, 196); border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 16.8pt;" width="22"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(197, 217, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22pt;" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(220, 230, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="25"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(242, 220, 219); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(235, 241, 222); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(253, 233, 217); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.55pt;" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">3.16<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(228, 223, 236); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="37"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">1.78<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">1.33<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1cm;" valign="bottom" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">4.22<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 28;">
<td style="background: rgb(221, 217, 196); border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 16.8pt;" width="22"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(197, 217, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22pt;" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(220, 230, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="25"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(242, 220, 219); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(235, 241, 222); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(253, 233, 217); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.55pt;" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">3.32<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(228, 223, 236); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="37"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">1.82<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">1.35<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1cm;" valign="bottom" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">4.27<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 29;">
<td style="background: rgb(221, 217, 196); border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 16.8pt;" width="22"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(197, 217, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22pt;" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(220, 230, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="25"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(242, 220, 219); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(235, 241, 222); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(253, 233, 217); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.55pt;" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">3.48<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(228, 223, 236); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="37"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">1.87<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">1.37<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1cm;" valign="bottom" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">4.32<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 30;">
<td style="background: rgb(221, 217, 196); border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 16.8pt;" width="22"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(197, 217, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22pt;" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(220, 230, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="25"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(242, 220, 219); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(235, 241, 222); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(253, 233, 217); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.55pt;" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">3.65<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(228, 223, 236); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="37"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">1.91<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">1.38<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1cm;" valign="bottom" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">4.37<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 31;">
<td style="background: rgb(221, 217, 196); border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 16.8pt;" width="22"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(197, 217, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22pt;" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(220, 230, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="25"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(242, 220, 219); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(235, 241, 222); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(253, 233, 217); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.55pt;" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">3.83<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(228, 223, 236); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="37"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">1.96<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">1.4<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1cm;" valign="bottom" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">4.42<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 32;">
<td style="background: rgb(221, 217, 196); border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 16.8pt;" width="22"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(197, 217, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22pt;" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(220, 230, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="25"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(242, 220, 219); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(235, 241, 222); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(253, 233, 217); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.55pt;" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">4.02<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(228, 223, 236); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="37"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">2<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">1.42<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1cm;" valign="bottom" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">4.48<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 33;">
<td style="background: rgb(221, 217, 196); border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 16.8pt;" width="22"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(197, 217, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22pt;" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(220, 230, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="25"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(242, 220, 219); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(235, 241, 222); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(253, 233, 217); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.55pt;" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">4.22<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(228, 223, 236); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="37"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">2.05<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">1.43<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1cm;" valign="bottom" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">4.53<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 34;">
<td style="background: rgb(221, 217, 196); border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 16.8pt;" width="22"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(197, 217, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22pt;" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(220, 230, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="25"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(242, 220, 219); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(235, 241, 222); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(253, 233, 217); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.55pt;" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">4.42<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(228, 223, 236); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="37"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">2.1<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">1.45<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1cm;" valign="bottom" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">4.59<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 35;">
<td style="background: rgb(221, 217, 196); border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 16.8pt;" width="22"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(197, 217, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22pt;" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(220, 230, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="25"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(242, 220, 219); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(235, 241, 222); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(253, 233, 217); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.55pt;" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">4.64<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(228, 223, 236); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="37"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">2.15<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">1.47<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1cm;" valign="bottom" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">4.64<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 36;">
<td style="background: rgb(221, 217, 196); border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 16.8pt;" width="22"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(197, 217, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22pt;" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(220, 230, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="25"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(242, 220, 219); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(235, 241, 222); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(253, 233, 217); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.55pt;" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">4.87<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(228, 223, 236); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="37"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">2.21<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">1.49<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1cm;" valign="bottom" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">4.7<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 37;">
<td style="background: rgb(221, 217, 196); border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 16.8pt;" width="22"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(197, 217, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22pt;" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(220, 230, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="25"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(242, 220, 219); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(235, 241, 222); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(253, 233, 217); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.55pt;" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">5.11<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(228, 223, 236); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="37"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">2.26<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">1.5<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1cm;" valign="bottom" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">4.75<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 38;">
<td style="background: rgb(221, 217, 196); border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 16.8pt;" width="22"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(197, 217, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22pt;" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(220, 230, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="25"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(242, 220, 219); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(235, 241, 222); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(253, 233, 217); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.55pt;" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">5.36<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(228, 223, 236); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="37"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">2.32<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">1.52<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1cm;" valign="bottom" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">4.81<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 39;">
<td style="background: rgb(221, 217, 196); border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 16.8pt;" width="22"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(197, 217, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22pt;" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(220, 230, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="25"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(242, 220, 219); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(235, 241, 222); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(253, 233, 217); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.55pt;" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">5.62<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(228, 223, 236); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="37"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">2.37<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">1.54<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1cm;" valign="bottom" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">4.87<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 40;">
<td style="background: rgb(221, 217, 196); border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 16.8pt;" width="22"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(197, 217, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22pt;" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(220, 230, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="25"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(242, 220, 219); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(235, 241, 222); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(253, 233, 217); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.55pt;" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">5.9<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(228, 223, 236); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="37"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">2.43<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">1.56<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1cm;" valign="bottom" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">4.93<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 41;">
<td style="background: rgb(221, 217, 196); border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 16.8pt;" width="22"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(197, 217, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22pt;" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(220, 230, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="25"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(242, 220, 219); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(235, 241, 222); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(253, 233, 217); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.55pt;" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">6.19<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(228, 223, 236); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="37"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">2.49<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">1.58<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1cm;" valign="bottom" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">4.99<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 42;">
<td style="background: rgb(221, 217, 196); border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 16.8pt;" width="22"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(197, 217, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22pt;" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(220, 230, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="25"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(242, 220, 219); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(235, 241, 222); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(253, 233, 217); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.55pt;" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">6.49<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(228, 223, 236); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="37"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">2.55<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">1.6<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1cm;" valign="bottom" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">5.05<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 43;">
<td style="background: rgb(221, 217, 196); border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 16.8pt;" width="22"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(197, 217, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22pt;" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(220, 230, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="25"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(242, 220, 219); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(235, 241, 222); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(253, 233, 217); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.55pt;" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">6.81<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(228, 223, 236); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="37"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">2.61<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">1.62<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1cm;" valign="bottom" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">5.11<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 44;">
<td style="background: rgb(221, 217, 196); border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 16.8pt;" width="22"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(197, 217, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22pt;" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(220, 230, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="25"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(242, 220, 219); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(235, 241, 222); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(253, 233, 217); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.55pt;" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">7.15<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(228, 223, 236); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="37"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">2.67<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">1.64<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1cm;" valign="bottom" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">5.17<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 45;">
<td style="background: rgb(221, 217, 196); border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 16.8pt;" width="22"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(197, 217, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22pt;" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(220, 230, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="25"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(242, 220, 219); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(235, 241, 222); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(253, 233, 217); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.55pt;" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">7.5<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(228, 223, 236); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="37"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">2.74<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">1.65<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1cm;" valign="bottom" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">5.23<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 46;">
<td style="background: rgb(221, 217, 196); border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 16.8pt;" width="22"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(197, 217, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22pt;" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(220, 230, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="25"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(242, 220, 219); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(235, 241, 222); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(253, 233, 217); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.55pt;" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">7.87<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(228, 223, 236); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="37"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">2.8<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">1.67<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1cm;" valign="bottom" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">5.3<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 47;">
<td style="background: rgb(221, 217, 196); border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 16.8pt;" width="22"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(197, 217, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22pt;" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(220, 230, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="25"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(242, 220, 219); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(235, 241, 222); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(253, 233, 217); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.55pt;" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">8.25<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(228, 223, 236); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="37"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">2.87<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">1.69<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1cm;" valign="bottom" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">5.36<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 48;">
<td style="background: rgb(221, 217, 196); border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 16.8pt;" width="22"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(197, 217, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22pt;" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(220, 230, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="25"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(242, 220, 219); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(235, 241, 222); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(253, 233, 217); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.55pt;" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">8.66<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(228, 223, 236); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="37"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">2.94<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">1.72<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1cm;" valign="bottom" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">5.42<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 49;">
<td style="background: rgb(221, 217, 196); border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 16.8pt;" width="22"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(197, 217, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22pt;" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(220, 230, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="25"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(242, 220, 219); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(235, 241, 222); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(253, 233, 217); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.55pt;" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">9.09<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(228, 223, 236); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="37"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">3.01<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">1.74<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1cm;" valign="bottom" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">5.49<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 50;">
<td style="background: rgb(221, 217, 196); border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 16.8pt;" width="22"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(197, 217, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22pt;" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(220, 230, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="25"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(242, 220, 219); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(235, 241, 222); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(253, 233, 217); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.55pt;" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">9.53<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(228, 223, 236); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="37"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">3.09<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">1.76<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1cm;" valign="bottom" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">5.56<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 51;">
<td style="background: rgb(221, 217, 196); border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 16.8pt;" width="22"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(197, 217, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22pt;" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(220, 230, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="25"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(242, 220, 219); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(235, 241, 222); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(253, 233, 217); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.55pt;" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(228, 223, 236); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="37"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">3.16<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">1.78<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1cm;" valign="bottom" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">5.62<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 52;">
<td style="background: rgb(221, 217, 196); border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 16.8pt;" width="22"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(197, 217, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22pt;" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(220, 230, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="25"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(242, 220, 219); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(235, 241, 222); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(253, 233, 217); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.55pt;" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(228, 223, 236); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="37"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">3.24<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">1.8<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1cm;" valign="bottom" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">5.69<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 53;">
<td style="background: rgb(221, 217, 196); border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 16.8pt;" width="22"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(197, 217, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22pt;" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(220, 230, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="25"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(242, 220, 219); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(235, 241, 222); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(253, 233, 217); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.55pt;" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(228, 223, 236); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="37"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">3.32<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">1.82<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1cm;" valign="bottom" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">5.76<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 54;">
<td style="background: rgb(221, 217, 196); border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 16.8pt;" width="22"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(197, 217, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22pt;" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(220, 230, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="25"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(242, 220, 219); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(235, 241, 222); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(253, 233, 217); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.55pt;" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(228, 223, 236); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="37"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">3.4<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">1.84<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1cm;" valign="bottom" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">5.83<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 55;">
<td style="background: rgb(221, 217, 196); border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 16.8pt;" width="22"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(197, 217, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22pt;" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(220, 230, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="25"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(242, 220, 219); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(235, 241, 222); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(253, 233, 217); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.55pt;" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(228, 223, 236); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="37"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">3.48<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">1.87<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1cm;" valign="bottom" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">5.9<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 56;">
<td style="background: rgb(221, 217, 196); border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 16.8pt;" width="22"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(197, 217, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22pt;" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(220, 230, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="25"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(242, 220, 219); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(235, 241, 222); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(253, 233, 217); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.55pt;" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(228, 223, 236); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="37"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">3.57<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">1.89<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1cm;" valign="bottom" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">5.97<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 57;">
<td style="background: rgb(221, 217, 196); border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 16.8pt;" width="22"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(197, 217, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22pt;" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(220, 230, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="25"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(242, 220, 219); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(235, 241, 222); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(253, 233, 217); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.55pt;" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(228, 223, 236); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="37"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">3.65<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">1.91<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1cm;" valign="bottom" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">6.04<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 58;">
<td style="background: rgb(221, 217, 196); border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 16.8pt;" width="22"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(197, 217, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22pt;" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(220, 230, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="25"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(242, 220, 219); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(235, 241, 222); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(253, 233, 217); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.55pt;" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(228, 223, 236); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="37"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">3.74<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">1.93<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1cm;" valign="bottom" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">6.12<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 59;">
<td style="background: rgb(221, 217, 196); border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 16.8pt;" width="22"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(197, 217, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22pt;" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(220, 230, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="25"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(242, 220, 219); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(235, 241, 222); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(253, 233, 217); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.55pt;" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(228, 223, 236); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="37"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">3.83<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">1.96<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1cm;" valign="bottom" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">6.19<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 60;">
<td style="background: rgb(221, 217, 196); border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 16.8pt;" width="22"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(197, 217, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22pt;" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(220, 230, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="25"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(242, 220, 219); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(235, 241, 222); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(253, 233, 217); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.55pt;" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(228, 223, 236); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="37"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">3.92<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">1.98<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1cm;" valign="bottom" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">6.26<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 61;">
<td style="background: rgb(221, 217, 196); border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 16.8pt;" width="22"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(197, 217, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22pt;" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(220, 230, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="25"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(242, 220, 219); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(235, 241, 222); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(253, 233, 217); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.55pt;" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(228, 223, 236); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="37"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">4.02<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">2<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1cm;" valign="bottom" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">6.34<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 62;">
<td style="background: rgb(221, 217, 196); border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 16.8pt;" width="22"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(197, 217, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22pt;" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(220, 230, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="25"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(242, 220, 219); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(235, 241, 222); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(253, 233, 217); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.55pt;" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(228, 223, 236); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="37"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">4.12<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">2.03<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1cm;" valign="bottom" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">6.42<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 63;">
<td style="background: rgb(221, 217, 196); border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 16.8pt;" width="22"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(197, 217, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22pt;" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(220, 230, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="25"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(242, 220, 219); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(235, 241, 222); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(253, 233, 217); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.55pt;" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(228, 223, 236); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="37"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">4.22<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">2.05<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1cm;" valign="bottom" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">6.49<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 64;">
<td style="background: rgb(221, 217, 196); border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 16.8pt;" width="22"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(197, 217, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22pt;" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(220, 230, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="25"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(242, 220, 219); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(235, 241, 222); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(253, 233, 217); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.55pt;" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(228, 223, 236); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="37"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">4.32<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">2.08<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1cm;" valign="bottom" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">6.57<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 65;">
<td style="background: rgb(221, 217, 196); border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 16.8pt;" width="22"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(197, 217, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22pt;" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(220, 230, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="25"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(242, 220, 219); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(235, 241, 222); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(253, 233, 217); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.55pt;" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(228, 223, 236); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="37"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">4.42<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">2.1<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1cm;" valign="bottom" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">6.65<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 66;">
<td style="background: rgb(221, 217, 196); border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 16.8pt;" width="22"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(197, 217, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22pt;" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(220, 230, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="25"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(242, 220, 219); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(235, 241, 222); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(253, 233, 217); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.55pt;" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(228, 223, 236); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="37"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">4.53<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">2.13<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1cm;" valign="bottom" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">6.73<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 67;">
<td style="background: rgb(221, 217, 196); border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 16.8pt;" width="22"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(197, 217, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22pt;" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(220, 230, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="25"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(242, 220, 219); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(235, 241, 222); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(253, 233, 217); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(228, 223, 236); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="37"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">4.64<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">2.15<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1cm;" valign="bottom" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">6.81<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 68;">
<td style="background: rgb(221, 217, 196); border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 16.8pt;" width="22"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(197, 217, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22pt;" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(220, 230, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="25"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(242, 220, 219); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(235, 241, 222); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(253, 233, 217); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(228, 223, 236); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="37"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">4.75<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">2.18<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1cm;" valign="bottom" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">6.9<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 69;">
<td style="background: rgb(221, 217, 196); border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 16.8pt;" width="22"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(197, 217, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22pt;" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(220, 230, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="25"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(242, 220, 219); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(235, 241, 222); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(253, 233, 217); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(228, 223, 236); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="37"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">4.87<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">2.21<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1cm;" valign="bottom" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">6.98<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 70;">
<td style="background: rgb(221, 217, 196); border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 16.8pt;" width="22"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(197, 217, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22pt;" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(220, 230, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="25"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(242, 220, 219); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(235, 241, 222); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(253, 233, 217); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(228, 223, 236); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="37"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">4.99<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">2.23<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1cm;" valign="bottom" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">7.06<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 71;">
<td style="background: rgb(221, 217, 196); border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 16.8pt;" width="22"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(197, 217, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22pt;" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(220, 230, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="25"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(242, 220, 219); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(235, 241, 222); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(253, 233, 217); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(228, 223, 236); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="37"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">5.11<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">2.26<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1cm;" valign="bottom" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">7.15<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 72;">
<td style="background: rgb(221, 217, 196); border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 16.8pt;" width="22"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(197, 217, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22pt;" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(220, 230, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="25"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(242, 220, 219); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(235, 241, 222); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(253, 233, 217); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(228, 223, 236); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="37"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">5.23<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">2.29<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1cm;" valign="bottom" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">7.23<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 73;">
<td style="background: rgb(221, 217, 196); border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 16.8pt;" width="22"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(197, 217, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22pt;" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(220, 230, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="25"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(242, 220, 219); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(235, 241, 222); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(253, 233, 217); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(228, 223, 236); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="37"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">5.36<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">2.32<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1cm;" valign="bottom" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">7.32<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 74;">
<td style="background: rgb(221, 217, 196); border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 16.8pt;" width="22"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(197, 217, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22pt;" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(220, 230, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="25"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(242, 220, 219); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(235, 241, 222); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(253, 233, 217); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(228, 223, 236); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="37"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">5.49<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">2.34<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1cm;" valign="bottom" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">7.41<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 75;">
<td style="background: rgb(221, 217, 196); border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 16.8pt;" width="22"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(197, 217, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22pt;" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(220, 230, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="25"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(242, 220, 219); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(235, 241, 222); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(253, 233, 217); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(228, 223, 236); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="37"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">5.62<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">2.37<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1cm;" valign="bottom" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">7.5<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 76;">
<td style="background: rgb(221, 217, 196); border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 16.8pt;" width="22"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(197, 217, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22pt;" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(220, 230, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="25"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(242, 220, 219); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(235, 241, 222); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(253, 233, 217); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(228, 223, 236); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="37"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">5.76<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">2.4<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1cm;" valign="bottom" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">7.59<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 77;">
<td style="background: rgb(221, 217, 196); border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 16.8pt;" width="22"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(197, 217, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22pt;" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(220, 230, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="25"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(242, 220, 219); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(235, 241, 222); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(253, 233, 217); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(228, 223, 236); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="37"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">5.9<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">2.43<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1cm;" valign="bottom" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">7.68<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 78;">
<td style="background: rgb(221, 217, 196); border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 16.8pt;" width="22"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(197, 217, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22pt;" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(220, 230, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="25"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(242, 220, 219); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(235, 241, 222); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(253, 233, 217); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(228, 223, 236); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="37"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">6.04<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">2.46<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1cm;" valign="bottom" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">7.77<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 79;">
<td style="background: rgb(221, 217, 196); border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 16.8pt;" width="22"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(197, 217, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22pt;" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(220, 230, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="25"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(242, 220, 219); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(235, 241, 222); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(253, 233, 217); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(228, 223, 236); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="37"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">6.19<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">2.49<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1cm;" valign="bottom" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">7.87<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 80;">
<td style="background: rgb(221, 217, 196); border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 16.8pt;" width="22"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(197, 217, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22pt;" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(220, 230, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="25"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(242, 220, 219); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(235, 241, 222); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(253, 233, 217); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(228, 223, 236); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="37"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">6.34<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">2.52<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1cm;" valign="bottom" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">7.96<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 81;">
<td style="background: rgb(221, 217, 196); border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 16.8pt;" width="22"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(197, 217, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22pt;" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(220, 230, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="25"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(242, 220, 219); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(235, 241, 222); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(253, 233, 217); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(228, 223, 236); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="37"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">6.49<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">2.55<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1cm;" valign="bottom" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">8.06<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 82;">
<td style="background: rgb(221, 217, 196); border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 16.8pt;" width="22"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(197, 217, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22pt;" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(220, 230, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="25"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(242, 220, 219); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(235, 241, 222); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(253, 233, 217); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(228, 223, 236); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="37"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">6.65<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">2.58<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1cm;" valign="bottom" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">8.16<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 83;">
<td style="background: rgb(221, 217, 196); border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 16.8pt;" width="22"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(197, 217, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22pt;" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(220, 230, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="25"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(242, 220, 219); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(235, 241, 222); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(253, 233, 217); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(228, 223, 236); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="37"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">6.81<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">2.61<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1cm;" valign="bottom" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">8.25<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 84;">
<td style="background: rgb(221, 217, 196); border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 16.8pt;" width="22"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(197, 217, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22pt;" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(220, 230, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="25"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(242, 220, 219); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(235, 241, 222); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(253, 233, 217); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(228, 223, 236); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="37"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">6.98<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">2.64<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1cm;" valign="bottom" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">8.35<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 85;">
<td style="background: rgb(221, 217, 196); border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 16.8pt;" width="22"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(197, 217, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22pt;" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(220, 230, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="25"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(242, 220, 219); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(235, 241, 222); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(253, 233, 217); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(228, 223, 236); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="37"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">7.15<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">2.67<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1cm;" valign="bottom" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">8.45<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 86;">
<td style="background: rgb(221, 217, 196); border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 16.8pt;" width="22"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(197, 217, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22pt;" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(220, 230, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="25"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(242, 220, 219); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(235, 241, 222); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(253, 233, 217); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(228, 223, 236); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="37"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">7.32<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">2.71<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1cm;" valign="bottom" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">8.56<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 87;">
<td style="background: rgb(221, 217, 196); border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 16.8pt;" width="22"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(197, 217, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22pt;" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(220, 230, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="25"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(242, 220, 219); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(235, 241, 222); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(253, 233, 217); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(228, 223, 236); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="37"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">7.5<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">2.74<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1cm;" valign="bottom" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">8.66<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 88;">
<td style="background: rgb(221, 217, 196); border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 16.8pt;" width="22"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(197, 217, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22pt;" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(220, 230, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="25"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(242, 220, 219); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(235, 241, 222); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(253, 233, 217); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(228, 223, 236); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="37"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">7.68<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">2.77<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1cm;" valign="bottom" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">8.76<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 89;">
<td style="background: rgb(221, 217, 196); border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 16.8pt;" width="22"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(197, 217, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22pt;" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(220, 230, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="25"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(242, 220, 219); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(235, 241, 222); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(253, 233, 217); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(228, 223, 236); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="37"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">7.87<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">2.8<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1cm;" valign="bottom" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">8.87<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 90;">
<td style="background: rgb(221, 217, 196); border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 16.8pt;" width="22"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(197, 217, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22pt;" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(220, 230, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="25"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(242, 220, 219); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(235, 241, 222); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(253, 233, 217); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(228, 223, 236); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="37"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">8.06<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">2.84<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1cm;" valign="bottom" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">8.98<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 91;">
<td style="background: rgb(221, 217, 196); border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 16.8pt;" width="22"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(197, 217, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22pt;" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(220, 230, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="25"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(242, 220, 219); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(235, 241, 222); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(253, 233, 217); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(228, 223, 236); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="37"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">8.25<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">2.87<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1cm;" valign="bottom" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">9.09<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 92;">
<td style="background: rgb(221, 217, 196); border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 16.8pt;" width="22"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(197, 217, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22pt;" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(220, 230, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="25"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(242, 220, 219); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(235, 241, 222); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(253, 233, 217); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(228, 223, 236); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="37"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">8.45<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">2.91<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1cm;" valign="bottom" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">9.2<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 93;">
<td style="background: rgb(221, 217, 196); border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 16.8pt;" width="22"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(197, 217, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22pt;" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(220, 230, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="25"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(242, 220, 219); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(235, 241, 222); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(253, 233, 217); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(228, 223, 236); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="37"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">8.66<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">2.94<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1cm;" valign="bottom" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">9.31<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 94;">
<td style="background: rgb(221, 217, 196); border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 16.8pt;" width="22"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(197, 217, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22pt;" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(220, 230, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="25"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(242, 220, 219); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(235, 241, 222); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(253, 233, 217); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(228, 223, 236); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="37"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">8.87<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">2.98<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1cm;" valign="bottom" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">9.42<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 95;">
<td style="background: rgb(221, 217, 196); border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 16.8pt;" width="22"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(197, 217, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22pt;" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(220, 230, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="25"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(242, 220, 219); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(235, 241, 222); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(253, 233, 217); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(228, 223, 236); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="37"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">9.09<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">3.01<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1cm;" valign="bottom" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">9.53<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 96;">
<td style="background: rgb(221, 217, 196); border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 16.8pt;" width="22"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(197, 217, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22pt;" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(220, 230, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="25"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(242, 220, 219); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(235, 241, 222); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(253, 233, 217); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="29"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(228, 223, 236); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="37"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">9.31<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="28"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">3.05<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1cm;" valign="bottom" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">9.65<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 97;">
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<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">9.53<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">3.09<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">9.76<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">9.76<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">3.12<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #16365c; font-family: georgia; font-size: 5pt;">9.88<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: georgia; font-size: 10pt;">Prepared by; www.powerelectronicstalks.com<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Now days in many datasheets we can see the resistor series is mentioned like; E96 + E24 and E192 + E24 i.e. addition of two E series. To meet market requirement this is purposely done by resistor manufacturers as some resistor values in E24 series are not available in E48, E96 and E192 series. So, to get lower tolerance values like; 1%, 0.5%, 0.25%, 0.1% they have added values in E24 series with other series i.e. tolerances.</span></div>
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<b><span style="color: orange; font-family: georgia;">Standard Resistor Value Formula</span></b></h3><span style="font-family: georgia;">
Below formula is for standard resistor value calculation;<br />
<br />
R = D . 10E(I/N)<br />
<br />
Where,<br />
D = Decade multiplier i.e. 1, 10, 100, 1k, 10k<br />
N = Tolerance of E series i.e. 1%, 2%, 5%, 10%, 20%<br />
I = 0 … N-1<br />
Unit of R is Ω<br />
E is exponent<br />
<br />
Let understand by an example, result of a calculation is 257kΩ with the tolerance of 1%.<br />
Check in the table and select the nearest available value i.e. 2.58. Multiply this with a multiplier of 100000 you will get 258kΩ.<br />
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</span><h3 style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="color: orange; font-family: georgia;">Conclusion</span></b></h3><span style="font-family: georgia;">
The standard resistor values helps in many ways to both resistor manufacturers and circuit designers. The resistor manufacture can produce the resistors which are mentioned in the standard and they don’t have to produce the non-standardized resistors and fill their inventory.<br />
<br />
While designing the circuit the design engineer can easily identify and select the resistor value by looking up in the standard resistor value list. Designers can select the value which is closely matching to their calculated value.</span></div>
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Adminhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12743833901137477565noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6408332436287516652.post-72826079014490473612019-07-20T05:05:00.005-07:002022-03-28T12:05:47.971-07:00Capacitors in Series and Parallel<h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #ffa400; font-family: georgia;"><b>Capacitors in Series and Parallel</b></span></h2><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Consider an example; we are designing a circuit and want to use a capacitor but the capacitor with a required calculated capacitance is not available, then what to do to solve this issue? There’s an immediate solution, we can connect <b>Capacitors in Series and Parallel</b> to achieve the required value of capacitance.</span></div><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><br />
</span><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-rTEv46BQAUU/XPCaReIGMiI/AAAAAAAAAiU/z8mWgTcGrlYQuyin5bIJl-XFbcyYNJALQCLcBGAs/s1600/Capacitors%2Bin%2BSeries%2Band%2BParallel.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><img alt="Capacitor" border="0" data-original-height="255" data-original-width="364" height="279" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-rTEv46BQAUU/XPCaReIGMiI/AAAAAAAAAiU/z8mWgTcGrlYQuyin5bIJl-XFbcyYNJALQCLcBGAs/s400/Capacitors%2Bin%2BSeries%2Band%2BParallel.jpg" title="Capacitors in Series and Parallel" width="400" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Capacitors in Series and Parallel</span></td></tr>
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</span></div><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Here in this article we will learn what happen when we connect <b>Capacitors in Series </b>or<b> Capacitors in Parallel</b>.<br />
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<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="color: orange; font-family: georgia;">Capacitors in Series</span></b></h3>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><b>Capacitors in Series</b> are a circuit in which all the capacitors are linked one after another in the same track or path so that the same charge or current flows through each capacitor.<br />
<br />
Here in this case all the current or charge passing through the first capacitor has no other available path to pass the charge, so the charge from one capacitor passes to the linked second capacitor and same like charge passes to third, fourth and so on. <br />
<br />
</span><h3 style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="color: orange; font-family: georgia;">Capacitors in Series Formula</span></b></h3><span style="font-family: georgia;">Adding capacitors in series i.e. the total capacitance of capacitors in series circuit is achieved by adding up the reciprocals (1/C) of the capacitance values of each individual capacitor.<br />
<br />
</span><h4 style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="font-family: georgia;">Example:</span></b></h4><span style="font-family: georgia;">
Below figure shows a series capacitor circuit. The circuit involves three capacitors that are connected in series and a DC voltage source V1.</span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Brlo-pE4daQ/XPCOhequ1PI/AAAAAAAAAiA/VgkML2OCt2Q5BssMPBi6-7QnPFnb7yESwCLcBGAs/s1600/Capacitors%2Bin%2BSeries.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><img alt="Capacitor" border="0" data-original-height="268" data-original-width="556" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Brlo-pE4daQ/XPCOhequ1PI/AAAAAAAAAiA/VgkML2OCt2Q5BssMPBi6-7QnPFnb7yESwCLcBGAs/s1600/Capacitors%2Bin%2BSeries.JPG" title="Capacitors in Series" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Capacitors in Series</span></td></tr>
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<div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia;">
The capacitance of three capacitors are C1 = 1F, C2 = 2F, C3 = 3F and DC voltage source V1 = 10V.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br />
As shown in the figure, the positive terminal of the DC battery is attached to the right side plate of the capacitor C1 and negative terminal of the DC battery is attached to the left side plate of the capacitor C3.<br />
<br />
When a voltage is applied to the circuit, the negative charges in the right side plate of the capacitor C1 are attracted to the positive terminal of the battery. This results a shortage of negative charges in the right side plate of C1. As a result, the right side plate of the capacitor C1 is positively charged.<br />
<br />
Similarly, the positive charges in the left side plate of the capacitor C3 are attracted to the negative terminal of the battery. This results a shortage of positive charges in the left side plate of C3. As a result, the left side plate of the capacitor C3 is negatively charged.<br />
<br />
The negative charges in the left side plate of the capacitor C3 repel the negative charges in the right side plate of capacitor C3. This result the negative charges to flow from the right side plate of the capacitor C3 to left side plate of the capacitor C2. As a result, the right side plate of the capacitor C3 is positively charged and the left side plate of the capacitor C2 is negatively charged.<br />
<br />
The negative charges in the left side plate of the capacitor C2 repel the negative charges in the right side plate of capacitor C2. This result the negative charges to flow from the right side plate of the capacitor C2 to left side plate of the capacitor C1. As an outcome, the right side plate of the capacitor C2 is positively charged and the left side plate of the capacitor C1 is negatively charged.<br />
<br />
Therefore, all the three capacitors become charged.<br />
<br />
We all know that the flow of charge is called as current. Since the same current is flowing through all the three capacitors, so each capacitor will hold or carry the same charge. That means if one capacitor carries a charge of 4C then the remaining capacitors also carries the same 4C charge.<br />
<br />
So if we observe the charge on one of the capacitor, then we should find the charge on all the remaining capacitors connected with it.<br />
<br />
To find the charge on each capacitor, first we have to find the total capacitance or equivalent capacitance.<br />
<br />
The total capacitance can be given or calculated by;<br />
<br />
1/C = (1/C1) + (1/C2) + (1/C3) = (1/1) + (1/2) + (1/3) = 1.83F<br />
<br />
C = 1/1.83 = 0.546 F<br />
<br />
By using the formula C = Q / V; we can simply find the charge stored on the equivalent capacitor;<br />
<br />
Q = C V = 0.546 x 10 = 5.46<br />
<br />
The charge on each of the specific capacitors in series is same as the charge on the equivalent capacitor.<br />
<br />
So if the charge on the equivalent capacitor was 5.46 Coulombs, then the charge on each of the individual capacitors in series is going to be 5.46 Coulombs.<br />
<br />
Therefore,<br />
<br />
Charge on C1 = 5.46 C<br />
<br />
Charge on C2 = 5.46 C<br />
<br />
Charge on C3 = 5.46 C<br />
<br />
Though, in series capacitor circuit, the voltage across each individual capacitor is dissimilar.<br />
<br />
We can simply find the voltage across each individual capacitor by using a formula; C = Q / V<br />
<br />
The capacitance and charge on the each individual capacitor are now we know. So we need to calculate the unknown voltage.<br />
<br />
V = Q / C<br />
<br />
The voltage across capacitor (C1) is V1 = Q / C1 = 5.46 / 1 = 5.46 V<br />
<br />
The voltage across capacitor (C2) is V2 = Q / C2 = 5.46 / 2 = 2.73 V<br />
<br />
The voltage across capacitor (C3) is V3 = Q / C3 = 5.46 / 3 = 1.82 V<br />
<br />
The total voltage in a series capacitor circuit is equal to the sum of all the individual voltages summed together.<br />
<br />
I.e. V = V1 + V2 + V3 = 5.46 + 2.73 + 1.82 = 10 V<br />
<br />
</span><h3 style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="color: orange; font-family: georgia;">Capacitors in Parallel</span></b></h3><span style="font-family: georgia;">
The circuit with <b>Capacitors in Parallel</b> is an electronic circuit where all the capacitors are attached side by side in different paths so that the same charge or current will not flow through each capacitor.<br />
<br />
Each capacitor will get the different charge when we apply a voltage to the parallel circuit,. The capacitor with high capacitance will get more charge while the capacitor with less capacitance will get less of the charge. For example, the four farad capacitor (4F) will get more charge than the two farad capacitor (2F) does get.<br />
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</span><h3 style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="color: orange; font-family: georgia;">Capacitors in Parallel Formula</span></b></h3><span style="font-family: georgia;">
Connecting capacitors in parallel will increases the size of the capacitor's plates without increasing the distance between the capacitors. Therefore the total capacitance of the parallel capacitor circuit is found by simply adding up the capacitance values of the each capacitor.<br />
<br />
</span><h4 style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="font-family: georgia;">Example:</span></b></h4><span style="font-family: georgia;">
Below figure shows a parallel capacitor. The circuit contains three capacitors that are connected in parallel and a DC voltage source V1.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-MuCQ_j7jUH8/XPCOxc_2fII/AAAAAAAAAiI/dyHI7u4vhdUs33vIicx1Xg7WyN9iY0jXQCLcBGAs/s1600/Capacitors%2Bin%2BParallel.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><img alt="Capacitor" border="0" data-original-height="251" data-original-width="567" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-MuCQ_j7jUH8/XPCOxc_2fII/AAAAAAAAAiI/dyHI7u4vhdUs33vIicx1Xg7WyN9iY0jXQCLcBGAs/s1600/Capacitors%2Bin%2BParallel.JPG" title="Capacitors in Parallel" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Capacitors in Parallel</span></td></tr>
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<div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia;">
If the capacitance values of the three capacitors are; C1 = 1F, C2 = 2F, C3 = 3F and DC voltage source V1 = 10 V then the total capacitance is;</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br />
Ct = C1 + C2 + C3 = 1 + 2 + 3 = 6F<br />
<br />
In the circuit diagram, the upper plates of the three capacitors are directly attached to the positive terminal of the battery and the lower plates of the three capacitors are directly attached to the negative terminal of the battery. Therefore, the voltage across all the three capacitors is same which is equal to the DC battery voltage (10 V).<br />
<br />
But, in parallel capacitor circuit, the charge stored on each of the capacitor will be different.<br />
<br />
By using the capacitance formula, we can simply find the charge stored on each of the capacitor;<br />
<br />
C = Q / V<br />
<br />
Q = C × V<br />
<br />
The charge stored at capacitor (C1) is Q1 = C1 × V = 1 × 10 = 10 Coulomb<br />
<br />
The charge stored at capacitor (C2) is Q2 = C2 × V = 2 × 10 = 20 Coulomb<br />
<br />
The charge stored at capacitor (C3) is Q3 = C3 × V = 3 × 10 = 30 Coulomb <br />
<br />
The total charge stored in the parallel capacitor circuit is equal to the sum of all the individual capacitor charges summed together.<br />
<br />
Qt = Q1 + Q2 + Q3 = 10 + 20 + 30 = 60 Coulomb<br />
<br />
</span><h3 style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="color: orange; font-family: georgia;">Conclusion</span></b></h3><span style="font-family: georgia;">
By connecting <b>Capacitors in Series and Parallel</b>, we can achieve the required value of capacitance for our circuit design, which will help us to save time or resources.</span></div>
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Adminhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12743833901137477565noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6408332436287516652.post-91405485000948807302019-06-22T09:19:00.002-07:002022-03-28T12:20:26.558-07:00Capacitor and Uses of Capacitor<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b><span style="color: orange; font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></b></div>
<h1 style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="color: orange; font-family: georgia;">What is a Capacitor?</span></b></h1>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><b>Capacitors</b> are passive electronic device and used mostly in all electronic circuits. It stores energy in the form of electrical charge and produce potential deference across its terminals or plates. In this article we will discuss about basic definition of <b>capacitor</b> and different <b>uses of capacitor</b>. <br />
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To get more details about Capacitor and Capacitor working please click below link; <br />
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<span style="background-color: white;">"<a href="https://www.powerelectronicstalks.com/2019/05/capacitor.html" target="_blank">Capacitor</a>"</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><b><span style="color: orange;">Uses of Capacitor</span></b> </span></h3><span style="font-family: georgia;">
According to their applications or uses, <b>capacitors</b> are widely used in electronic circuits. Below are some of the applications or <b>uses of capacitor</b>;<br />
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</span><h4 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><b><span style="color: orange;">Storage of Energy</span></b> </span></h4>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: georgia;">A capacitor stores electric energy when it is disconnected from its charging circuit, so it acts like a temporary battery.</span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: georgia;">A capacitor line up the dielectric molecules across an electric field to collect or store energy.</span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: georgia;">Capacitors are usually used in electronic devices to provide temporarily supply of power, when batteries are being changed, which helps to prevent memory loss from device.</span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: georgia;">Super capacitors are now mostly used in electronics circuit. It can receive and supply charge much sooner than batteries.</span></li>
</ul>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-aXvuVQeuG9A/XMb_K_ECguI/AAAAAAAAAfg/WOXFFJp00DcM-h0HlxQ7sh1mOexPGxSUACEwYBhgL/s1600/Supercapacitor.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><img alt="Application of Capacitor" border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="600" height="320" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-aXvuVQeuG9A/XMb_K_ECguI/AAAAAAAAAfg/WOXFFJp00DcM-h0HlxQ7sh1mOexPGxSUACEwYBhgL/s320/Supercapacitor.jpg" title="Supercapacitor" width="320" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Supercapacitor</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: georgia;">A supercapacitor line up the charges of an electrolyte (dielectric) on either side of an insulator to collect or store a double-layer charge.</span></li>
</ul>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><b><span style="color: orange;">Power Conditioning</span></b> </span></h4>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: georgia;">Capacitors as reservoir are used in power supplies, where they smooth the output signal of a rectifier.</span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: georgia;">Also used in the charge pump circuits as the energy storage component and produce higher voltages compare to the input voltage.</span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: georgia;">Capacitors perform conditioning of output signal from power supply. Capacitor allows AC signals to pass but it blocks DC signals when they are charged.</span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: georgia;">In audio application capacitors are used to shunt away power line hum before it reach into the signal amplifying circuit. </span></li>
</ul>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-K36sSD47jHc/XMb_8_lxjuI/AAAAAAAAAfw/SZo6pA6SO-g0Ozuiu5j7q6m3CK1Q1HHYQCLcBGAs/s1600/Capacitor%2Bfor%2BPower%2BConditioning.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><img alt="Application of Capacitor" border="0" data-original-height="108" data-original-width="347" height="198" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-K36sSD47jHc/XMb_8_lxjuI/AAAAAAAAAfw/SZo6pA6SO-g0Ozuiu5j7q6m3CK1Q1HHYQCLcBGAs/s640/Capacitor%2Bfor%2BPower%2BConditioning.jpg" title="Capacitor for Power Conditioning" width="640" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Capacitor for Power Conditioning</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><b><span style="color: orange;">Power Factor Correction</span></b> </span></h4>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: georgia;">In electric power distribution line, for power factor correction capacitors are used. Normally such capacitors often come as a pack of three capacitors which are connected as a three phase load. Generally, the capacitance ratings of these capacitors are specified as a reactive power in volt-amperes reactive (Var) and not in farads.</span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: georgia;">Motor or lamp loads may have capacitors for power factor correction.</span></li>
</ul>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Esi4aMOI68g/XMcAbnF1iCI/AAAAAAAAAf4/0VCtxqsynhU7hv8mKD5Jh3Utn6GFXYvBQCLcBGAs/s1600/Capacitor%2Bfor%2BPower%2BFactor%2BCorrection.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><img alt="Application of Capacitor" border="0" data-original-height="430" data-original-width="1006" height="272" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Esi4aMOI68g/XMcAbnF1iCI/AAAAAAAAAf4/0VCtxqsynhU7hv8mKD5Jh3Utn6GFXYvBQCLcBGAs/s640/Capacitor%2Bfor%2BPower%2BFactor%2BCorrection.JPG" title="Capacitor for Power Factor Correction" width="640" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Capacitor for Power Factor Correction</span></td></tr>
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<div><span style="font-family: georgia;">
More details on Power Factor Correction you can get from below mentioned articles;</span></div>
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<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: georgia;">"<span style="background-color: #3d85c6;"><a href="https://www.powerelectronicstalks.com/2018/09/what-is-power-factor-correction.html" target="_blank">What is Power Factor and Why is it important?</a></span>'</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: georgia;">"<a href="https://www.powerelectronicstalks.com/2018/09/types-of-power-factor-correction.html" style="background-color: #3d85c6;" target="_blank">Types of Power Factor Correction</a>"</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: georgia;">"<span style="background-color: #3d85c6;"><a href="https://www.powerelectronicstalks.com/2018/10/power-factor-correction-and-its-modes.html" target="_blank">Power Factor Correction and it's Modes of Operation</a></span>"</span></li>
</ol>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><b><span style="color: orange;">Suppression and Coupling</span></b> </span></h4>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><b>Signal coupling</b> <br />
</span><ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: georgia;">When charged up to the applied dc voltage capacitors can pass AC but block DC signals. They are normally used to separate the AC and DC components of a signal. This process is known as “AC coupling” or in other words we can say it as, "capacitive coupling". Polyester film capacitors are often used as coupling capacitors.</span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: georgia;">For capacitive coupling, normally a higher capacitance value with small reactance at the signal frequency is used. </span></li>
</ul>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-tCblCYcCEBs/XMcA3294g4I/AAAAAAAAAgE/uowVcabmqyYgK3MnC5eZG1tQd6ViXhKLQCLcBGAs/s1600/Capacitor%2Bfor%2BSignal%2BCoupling.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><img alt="Application of Capacitor" border="0" data-original-height="202" data-original-width="250" height="321" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-tCblCYcCEBs/XMcA3294g4I/AAAAAAAAAgE/uowVcabmqyYgK3MnC5eZG1tQd6ViXhKLQCLcBGAs/s400/Capacitor%2Bfor%2BSignal%2BCoupling.jpg" title="Capacitor for Signal Coupling" width="400" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Capacitor for Signal Coupling</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><b>Decoupling</b> </span></div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: georgia;">To protect one part of a circuit from the adverse effect like noise or transients of another circuit of a decoupling capacitor is employed. A circuit element which is generating noise is shunted by the capacitor.</span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: georgia;">Decoupling capacitor is also called as bypass capacitor.</span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: georgia;">It is generally used between the power supply and ground connection i.e. we can see it connected in between Vcc and Gnd terminal or pin. </span></li>
</ul>
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</span><h4 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><b><span style="color: orange;">Snubbers</span></b> </span></h4>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: georgia;">The current through the inductance falls rapidly when an inductive circuit is opened; this creates a high voltage across the open circuit of the switch (MOSFET) or relay.</span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: georgia;">This high voltage may generate a spark if the inductance is large, which will cause contact points of the switch i.e. MOSFET or relay to oxidize, weaken and finally the switch will fail.</span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: georgia;">By introducing snubber capacitor across this opened circuit, will create a path for this impulse to bypass the contact points, thereby protecting the switch life.</span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: georgia;">These snubber capacitors are generally connected with a low resistance resistor in series, to dissipate generated energy and to reduce RFI.</span></li>
</ul>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-udz8qRfA_yw/XMcBUjJhMRI/AAAAAAAAAgM/RbNyf4XEV8kHvjbAIkB4gU6bR8z2XW55ACLcBGAs/s1600/Snubber%2BCircuit%2Bin%2BPower%2BSupply.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><img alt="Application of Capacitor" border="0" data-original-height="631" data-original-width="289" height="400" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-udz8qRfA_yw/XMcBUjJhMRI/AAAAAAAAAgM/RbNyf4XEV8kHvjbAIkB4gU6bR8z2XW55ACLcBGAs/s400/Snubber%2BCircuit%2Bin%2BPower%2BSupply.png" title="Snubber Circuit in Power Supply" width="183" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Snubber Circuit in Power Supply</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="color: orange; font-family: georgia;">EMI Filtering</span></b></h4>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: georgia;">Electromagnetic interference (EMI) is a phenomenon where one electromagnetic field interferes with another, resulting in the distortion of both the fields. This may damage the device also.</span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: georgia;">An EMI filter is is used to suppress interference that is present in a signal. These filters suppress differential and common mode interferences.</span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: georgia;">As noise is mostly concentrated in high frequency regions of the signal it is a low pass filter.</span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: georgia;">An EMI filter consists of Capacitors & Inductors.</span></li>
</ul>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-HUjUACJwl3s/XMcBwmkGrjI/AAAAAAAAAgY/0hBm84GGuRoQv9Z8aUhNrGiJZ7y6nD7kACLcBGAs/s1600/Capacitor%2Bin%2BEMI%2Bfiltering.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><img alt="Application of Capacitor" border="0" data-original-height="225" data-original-width="504" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-HUjUACJwl3s/XMcBwmkGrjI/AAAAAAAAAgY/0hBm84GGuRoQv9Z8aUhNrGiJZ7y6nD7kACLcBGAs/s1600/Capacitor%2Bin%2BEMI%2Bfiltering.jpg" title="Capacitor in EMI filtering" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Capacitor in EMI filtering</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
<h4>
<b><span style="color: orange; font-family: georgia;">Motor starters </span></b></h4>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: georgia;">The primary winding within the single phase squirrel cage motor housing is not capable of starting a rotational motion on the rotor.</span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: georgia;">Secondary winding of this motor has a series connected non-polarized starting capacitor which increases the sinusoidal current and generates a rotating electric filed to rotate the rotor. The start capacitor is typically mounted to the side of the motor housing.</span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: georgia;">When rotating speed achieved a centrifugal switch or current-sensitive relay in series with the main winding cut off the capacitor.</span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: georgia;">In simple words, these capacitors provide phase splitting and helps in auto start of Single Phase Induction Motors.</span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: georgia;">These capacitors have high starting torque.</span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: georgia;">Motor-starting capacitors (Capacitor to Start) are usually non-polarized electrolytic types.</span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: georgia;">Running capacitors (Capacitor to Run) are paper or plastic film dielectric types.</span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: georgia;">Motor-starting capacitors are typically non-polarized electrolytic types, while running capacitors are conventional paper or plastic film dielectric types.</span></li>
</ul>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-pyFU3JE5UFw/XMcCBNMx09I/AAAAAAAAAgg/_QYJhQ3L4LsxTLqJA2mvUY-u4ma_wPSQgCLcBGAs/s1600/Capacitor%2Bin%2BMotor%2BStarter.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><img alt="Application of Capacitor" border="0" data-original-height="453" data-original-width="449" height="400" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-pyFU3JE5UFw/XMcCBNMx09I/AAAAAAAAAgg/_QYJhQ3L4LsxTLqJA2mvUY-u4ma_wPSQgCLcBGAs/s400/Capacitor%2Bin%2BMotor%2BStarter.png" title="Capacitor in Motor Starter" width="396" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Capacitor in Motor Starter</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><b><span style="color: orange;">Signal Processing</span></b> </span></h4>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: georgia;">The energy stored in a capacitor can be used to represent information, either in binary form or in analogue form.</span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: georgia;">Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM) devices use capacitors to characterise binary information as bits. When the capacitor is charged the device reads one value and another when it is discharged.</span></li>
</ul>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-00XxeNtWj98/XMcCh0BD7SI/AAAAAAAAAgo/VOkkmdE_0-ko78r6y7fjXWOGzIXCz1cKwCLcBGAs/s1600/Dynamic%2BRandom%2BAccess%2BMemory.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><img alt="Application of Capacitor" border="0" data-original-height="768" data-original-width="1024" height="300" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-00XxeNtWj98/XMcCh0BD7SI/AAAAAAAAAgo/VOkkmdE_0-ko78r6y7fjXWOGzIXCz1cKwCLcBGAs/s400/Dynamic%2BRandom%2BAccess%2BMemory.jpg" title="Dynamic Random Access Memory" width="400" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Dynamic Random Access Memory</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: georgia;">CCDs i.e. Charge Coupled Devices use capacitors in an analog form.</span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: georgia;">In analog circuits capacitors can be used as components of integrators or more complex filters and also in negative feedback loop stabilization.</span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: georgia;">To integrate a current signal; signal processing circuits also use capacitors. </span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br />
</span><h4 style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="color: orange; font-family: georgia;">Tuned Circuits </span></b></h4>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: georgia;">Capacitors are also used in combination with inductors to tune the circuits to specific frequencies. We can see this in radio receivers and speakers.</span></li>
</ul>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-mhdnx22dFbQ/XMcC7RxzOeI/AAAAAAAAAgw/NY2ifZSIkzcoFtXikWCZEtVSpOlSyfpHwCLcBGAs/s1600/Capacitor%2Bin%2BRadio%2BTuning%2BCircuit.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><img alt="Application of Capacitor" border="0" data-original-height="198" data-original-width="465" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-mhdnx22dFbQ/XMcC7RxzOeI/AAAAAAAAAgw/NY2ifZSIkzcoFtXikWCZEtVSpOlSyfpHwCLcBGAs/s1600/Capacitor%2Bin%2BRadio%2BTuning%2BCircuit.JPG" title="Capacitor in Radio Tuning Circuit" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Capacitor in Radio Tuning Circuit</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: georgia;">The resonant frequency (f) of a tuned circuit is a function of the inductance (L) and capacitance (C) and is given by: </span></li>
</ul><span style="font-family: georgia;">
f = 1 / [2π √ (LC)] <br />
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</span><h4 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><b><span style="color: orange;">Sensing</span></b> </span></h4>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: georgia;">Generally most of the capacitors have static or fixed physical structure, but in the working environment or in the application their physical structure change, which changes the capacitance, this capacitance can be sense and can be used for measurement of many elements or factors.</span></li>
</ul>
<div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: georgia;">The change in the characteristics of the dielectric can be used for sensing purposes.</span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: georgia;">We can measure a variety of things like; air humidity, mechanical strain and fuel levels.</span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: georgia;">To measure humidity in air, the capacitors with an uncovered and porous dielectric can be used. </span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: georgia;">A capacitive humidity sensor measures relative humidity by employing a thin strip of metal oxide between two capacitor electrodes.</span></li>
</ul>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-d9d1Dom6VzE/XMcEVzx1wNI/AAAAAAAAAg8/SSffMCnjv0kZ5H2AnU5UIwYMqzqq67UEgCLcBGAs/s1600/Capacitive%2BHumidity%2BSensor.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><img alt="Application of Capacitor" border="0" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="500" height="320" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-d9d1Dom6VzE/XMcEVzx1wNI/AAAAAAAAAg8/SSffMCnjv0kZ5H2AnU5UIwYMqzqq67UEgCLcBGAs/s320/Capacitive%2BHumidity%2BSensor.jpg" title="Capacitive Humidity Sensor" width="320" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Capacitive Humidity Sensor</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: georgia;">When the atmosphere’s relative humidity varies, it also varies the metal oxides electrical capacity. This variation is further processed to get humidity value.</span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: georgia;">In capacitive pressure sensor, one of the capacitor metal plates is allowed to move in and out, due to changing distance between the plates the capacitance changes.</span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: georgia;">These movable plates are attached to a diaphragm which expands or compresses when it senses the pressure. The movement of the diaphragm affects the attached metal plate’s position and vary the capacitance.</span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: georgia;">In aircraft capacitors are used for measuring fuel level. A capacitance-type fuel-gauge system consists of a variable capacitor placed in the aircraft fuel tank along with an amplifier and with an indicator.</span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: georgia;">This circuit forms an electrical bridge which always becomes re-balanced as a result of the differences between the capacitance of the tank capacitor and a reference capacitor.</span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: georgia;">This signal is amplified to operate a motor which drives the pointer to indicate the capacitance change of the fuel tank capacitor and hence change in the fuel capacity is shown or indicated. </span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br />
</span><h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><b><span style="color: orange;">Conclusion</span></b> </span></h3>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><b>Capacitors</b> are most frequently used component of the electronic circuits. Nearly all types of circuits have its presence. <b>Uses of capacitor</b> decided by their types. There are many types of capacitors and mostly used in electronic circuits for blocking DC while allowing AC to pass and also used for energy storage.<br /></span>
<br />
<div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
Adminhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12743833901137477565noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6408332436287516652.post-57960886981570978982019-05-18T05:50:00.006-07:002022-03-28T12:22:50.599-07:00Capacitor<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br />
<b>Capacitors</b> are most frequently used component in electronic circuits. Whatever types and values a selection of correct capacitor solves many circuit issues. In this article we will discuss definition of <b>capacitor</b>, <b>capacitor symbol</b>, <b>principle of capacitor</b>, <b>capacitor unit</b> and <b>capacitor working</b>.<br />
<br />
</span><h1 style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="color: orange; font-family: georgia;">What is a Capacitor? </span></b></h1>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><b>Capacitors</b> are electronic components which can momentarily store electrical charge, and whose working is determined by how much electric charge can be stored in it.<br />
</span><div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br />
</span><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ijjtpq8s1r4/XLRhVvzwSII/AAAAAAAAAeI/HAEPsQoP9Io7bOpRjpUdirzu3WjVjgptACLcBGAs/s1600/Different%2BTypes%2Bof%2BCapacitors.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><img alt="Capacitor" border="0" data-original-height="1370" data-original-width="1311" height="400" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ijjtpq8s1r4/XLRhVvzwSII/AAAAAAAAAeI/HAEPsQoP9Io7bOpRjpUdirzu3WjVjgptACLcBGAs/s400/Different%2BTypes%2Bof%2BCapacitors.png" title="Different Types of Capacitors" width="382" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Different Types of Capacitors</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia;">
A <b>capacitor</b> is an electronic component having two terminals. Capacitor is a passive component. Capacitor stores electric energy. Capacitance we can define as the effect of a capacitor. Sometimes it is called as a condenser or condensator.<br />
</span><div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br />
</span><h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><b><span style="color: orange;">Capacitance</span></b> </span></h3><span style="font-family: georgia;">
The effect created by a capacitor is known as capacitance. Also we can define the capacitance as the ratio of the electric charge on each conductor to the potential difference between.<br />
<br />
In other words we can say that, the capacitance is defined as the ratio of charge Q on a conductor to a potential difference V between them.<br />
<br />
C=Q/V</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<h3>
<b><span style="color: orange; font-family: georgia;">Capacitor Unit</span></b></h3><span style="font-family: georgia;">
The unit of capacitance is the Farad (F) which is the International System of Units (SI). In general electronics, ranges from 1 picofarad (pF) to 1 millifarad (mF) capacitance values are used.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="color: orange; font-family: georgia;">Capacitor Symbol</span></b></h3>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-myZi8pFAyMk/XLRh2vkhrFI/AAAAAAAAAeQ/GL2zB_iB9GQwlsqqAuQI2lFWgnaLHjS-wCLcBGAs/s1600/Capacitor%2BSymbols.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><img alt="Capacitor" border="0" data-original-height="326" data-original-width="589" height="220" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-myZi8pFAyMk/XLRh2vkhrFI/AAAAAAAAAeQ/GL2zB_iB9GQwlsqqAuQI2lFWgnaLHjS-wCLcBGAs/s400/Capacitor%2BSymbols.png" title="Capacitor Symbols" width="400" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Capacitor Symbols</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div><span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: georgia;">
First is fixed capacitor i.e. non polarized capacitor and this capacitor can be used in both AC and DC circuit. This capacitor is “bilateral element” i.e. polarity doesn't matter during connection.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br />
Second is varying capacitor. Here capacitance can be vary.<br />
<br />
Third is polarized capacitor. During its connection here we have to take care of its polarity. This capacitor is use in a DC circuit.<br />
<br />
</span><h3 style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="color: orange; font-family: georgia;">Principal of Capacitor</span></b></h3><span style="font-family: georgia;">
Below points will explain the principal of capacitor in detail;<br />
<br />
</span><ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: georgia;">Most of the capacitors have at least two electrical conductors’ i.e. metallic plates, in other words we can say that outsides parted or separated by a dielectric medium.</span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: georgia;">These conductors are may be a thin film, a foil, sintered bead of metal or a part of electrolyte.</span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: georgia;">The capacitor's charge capacity is increase by the non-conducting dielectric material.</span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: georgia;">Dielectric materials in capacitors are commonly used as paper, plastic film, glass, mica, ceramic, cellulose, porcelain, Mylar, Teflon and layers of oxide. Sometimes air also used as non-conductive medium.</span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: georgia;">When a potential difference like DC voltage from battery is applied across the two conductors, an electric field grows across the dielectric material, producing a positive charge to gather on one plate and negative charge to gather on the other plate of capacitor.</span></li>
</ul>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-FBnVnbYmd38/XLU3dL8c2pI/AAAAAAAAAe0/b1llWW-wPYIMa7Ftjq9rIRPpU9MIoUtXgCEwYBhgL/s1600/Dielectric%2Bin%2Bceramic%2Bdisc%2Bcapacitor.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><img alt="Capacitor" border="0" data-original-height="419" data-original-width="657" height="255" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-FBnVnbYmd38/XLU3dL8c2pI/AAAAAAAAAe0/b1llWW-wPYIMa7Ftjq9rIRPpU9MIoUtXgCEwYBhgL/s400/Dielectric%2Bin%2Bceramic%2Bdisc%2Bcapacitor.png" title="Dielectric in ceramic disc capacitor" width="400" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Dielectric in ceramic disc capacitor</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: georgia;">Dielectric never allows current to flow across it. Though, there is a flow of charge through the applied source circuit. If this state is continued adequately for long, the current through the applied source circuit ends.</span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: georgia;">If a varying voltage is applied across the two leads of the capacitor, the applied source undergoes an on-going current because of the charging and discharging cycles of the capacitor.</span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: georgia;">Capacitor didn’t dissipate power in the form of heat.</span></li></ul><span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span><ul style="text-align: left;">
</ul>
</div>
<div>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="color: orange; font-family: georgia;">Capacitor working</span></b></h3><span style="font-family: georgia;">
Below points will explain the working of capacitor in detail;<br />
<br />
</span><ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: georgia;">The working of capacitor based on Coulomb’s law. A charge on one conductor employs a force on the charge carriers in the other conductor, enticing opposite polarity charge and deterring like polarity charges, thus an opposite polarity charge will be made or induced on the surface of the other conductor.</span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: georgia;">When supply is applied from a battery or a power supply, there is flow of current i.e. flow of electron will occur. But there is a dielectric medium in capacitor which stops the flow of current between the plates. So these electrons will start gathering on the plates. Up to a definite level, the charge can be deposited or stored. This shows that the capacitor is charged fully.</span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: georgia;">The two plates in capacitor have an equal amount of positive and negative charges producing a strong electric field which makes them to hold this charge inside the capacitor.</span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: georgia;">If the capacitor is fully charged and if the load is connected to a capacitor, it will supply energy to load until it converts to electrically neutral.</span></li>
</ul><span style="font-family: georgia;">
Let understand working of capacitor with the help of below figure;</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-UeHz-7YCsno/XLRiMFp-RcI/AAAAAAAAAec/OnBI72HFjMkRWRFpaJ2JCGO8Wgx6767CgCEwYBhgL/s1600/Capacitor%2Bworking.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><img alt="Capacitor" border="0" data-original-height="195" data-original-width="404" height="192" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-UeHz-7YCsno/XLRiMFp-RcI/AAAAAAAAAec/OnBI72HFjMkRWRFpaJ2JCGO8Wgx6767CgCEwYBhgL/s400/Capacitor%2Bworking.jpg" title="Capacitor working" width="400" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Capacitor working</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: georgia;">A battery (DC Source) is connected across a capacitor i.e. one surface of the capacitor which is named as plate 1 gets positive end of the battery and another surface i.e. second surface of the capacitor which is named as plate 2 gets negative end of the battery.</span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: georgia;">With the application of battery or DC voltage, the full voltage of the battery is applied across the capacitor. At this condition, plate 1 of capacitor is in positive energy with respect to the plate 2.</span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: georgia;">Current from the battery or DC supply source tries to flow through the capacitor from its positive plate (plate 1) to negative plate (plate 2) but cannot flow with large amount because these plates are separated with a dielectric insulating material.</span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: georgia;">Somewhat a very small current will flow through this dielectric insulating material from Positive side plate to Negative side plate, which depends on the value of strength of this dielectric material.</span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: georgia;">Now an electric field will generate or form inside the capacitor i.e. inside the dielectric from positive plate to negative plate.</span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: georgia;">As the time passes, the positive plate (i.e. plate 1) will gather positive charge from the battery or DC source and negative plate (i.e. plate 2) will gather negative charge from negative side of the battery or power source.</span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: georgia;">After a certain time, the capacitor carries maximum quantity of charge according to its capacitance with respect to the applied voltage. This time duration is called as charging time of the capacitor.</span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: georgia;">If two sides of capacitor (i.e. plate 1 and plate 2) get shorted through a load i.e. a load is connected across the plates, a current will flow across the load from plate 1 to plate 2 until all the charges get disappeared from both the plates. This time duration is called as the discharging time of the capacitor.</span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
</ul>
</div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-0aILRoRWtGo/XLRknWwauRI/AAAAAAAAAeo/cL0o77hfwwYWWTqh8Xvhqzkm9bkizikTACEwYBhgL/s1600/Electrolytic%2BCapacitors%2Bassembled%2Bin%2Ba%2Bcircuit.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><img alt="Capacitor" border="0" data-original-height="213" data-original-width="220" height="308" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-0aILRoRWtGo/XLRknWwauRI/AAAAAAAAAeo/cL0o77hfwwYWWTqh8Xvhqzkm9bkizikTACEwYBhgL/s320/Electrolytic%2BCapacitors%2Bassembled%2Bin%2Ba%2Bcircuit.jpg" title="Electrolytic Capacitors assembled in a circuit" width="320" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Electrolytic Capacitors assembled in a circuit</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table><span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span><h3><b><span style="color: orange; font-family: georgia;">Advantages of a Capacitor</span></b></h3><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 12pt;">Below are some of the advantages of a capacitor;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Capacitor stores energy directly into the plates, which results in faster charging and discharging process.</span></span></li></ul><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Capacitors can filter unwanted frequencies very easily.</span></span></li></ul><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Capacitors can be use in power factor correction to handle power loss efficiently and to make economical power generation.</span></span></li></ul><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">High and low temperature can’t affect working of a capacitor.</span></span></li></ul><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Capacitors can discharge current instantly.</span></span></li></ul><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">For AC applications Capacitors can be directly use.</span></span></li></ul><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Capacitors are suitable for high frequency applications as they can handle high applied voltages.</span></span></li></ul><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Life span of capacitors are very high. Approximately 15 years for general applications. Military grade capacitors have life more then 15 years.</span></span></li></ul><p></p><div><h3><b><span style="color: orange; font-family: georgia;"><br />Conclusion</span></b></h3>
</div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><b>Capacitors</b> are most frequently used component of the electronic circuits. Nearly all types of circuits have its presence. There are many types of capacitors and mostly used in electronic circuits for blocking DC while allowing AC to pass and also used for energy storage.</span></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>Adminhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12743833901137477565noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6408332436287516652.post-69644574828389548062019-05-04T05:14:00.000-07:002019-07-22T06:47:32.140-07:00LDO<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
Full form of <b>LDO</b> is, “<b>Low-Dropout linear regulators</b>”.<br />
<br />
Linear regulators are a gainful means to supply a steady and regulated output voltage, with the design easiness and few external components in the circuit. If the output current is less than few amps and the output voltage is near to that of the input, <b>LDO’s</b> deliver the best cost-performance.<br />
<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-tDvA0Fsqccg/XF008El6fYI/AAAAAAAAAYk/0pxecEz7WHMr-sWNle85WSxuBa7WQevegCEwYBhgL/s1600/Low-Dropout%2Blinear%2Bregulators.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="LDO" border="0" data-original-height="424" data-original-width="444" height="305" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-tDvA0Fsqccg/XF008El6fYI/AAAAAAAAAYk/0pxecEz7WHMr-sWNle85WSxuBa7WQevegCEwYBhgL/s320/Low-Dropout%2Blinear%2Bregulators.jpg" title="Low-Dropout linear regulators" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Low-Dropout linear regulators</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
An <b>LDO</b> is a linear voltage regulator intended to work with a very low input-to-output voltage differential (dropout voltage) in order to reduce the power dissipated as heat on the device and rise conversion efficiency. In other words we can say that, a low-dropout or <b>LDO</b> regulator is a DC linear voltage regulator that can control the output voltage even when the supply voltage is very near to the output voltage.<br />
<br />
As compare to DC-DC switching converters, <b>LDO</b> regulators do not produce ripple, therefore they gives a ripple free supply voltage, and need few design steps.<br />
<div>
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="color: orange;">Advantages of LDO</span></b> </h3>
The advantages of a low dropout voltage regulator over other DC to DC regulators contain the non-availability of switching noise (as no switching takes place), reduced device size (as inductors or transformers are no required), and better design ease (usually includes a reference, an amplifier, and a pass element).</div>
<div>
<br />
<h3>
<b><span style="color: orange;">Disadvantages of LDO </span></b></h3>
The disadvantage is that, unlike switching regulators, linear DC regulators dissipate power, and thus heat in order to regulate the output voltage.</div>
<div>
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="color: orange;">LDO architecture</span></b></h3>
The LDO explanation starts with the dropout voltage, which is the minimum voltage required through the regulator to keep maintain the regulation. For example, a 3.3 V LDO regulator with 1 V dropout will need a minimum input of 4.3 V. To know the meaning of voltage drop across the LDO, let’s look at the essential LDO architecture with a pass element. As shown in below figure, the pass element can be an N- or P-channel FET, which delivers the voltage drop as a function of FET’s on-resistance, RDS(on).<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-8ttIks3DqeA/XF01dE-5P5I/AAAAAAAAAYo/_l8ybaIWpNYRzk1KV_Wtazn0zXYulvy_wCLcBGAs/s1600/Basic%2BLDO%2Bblock%2Bdiagram.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="LDO" border="0" data-original-height="304" data-original-width="675" height="288" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-8ttIks3DqeA/XF01dE-5P5I/AAAAAAAAAYo/_l8ybaIWpNYRzk1KV_Wtazn0zXYulvy_wCLcBGAs/s640/Basic%2BLDO%2Bblock%2Bdiagram.jpg" title="Basic LDO block diagram" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Basic LDO block diagram</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
The main components in LDO are; a power FET and a differential amplifier (also called as error amplifier). One input of the differential amplifier monitors the part of the output determined by the externally connected resistor ratio of R1 and R2. The second input to the differential amplifier is from a steady voltage reference (also called as bandgap reference). If the output voltage increases too high comparative to the reference voltage, the gate drive voltage to the power FET changes, to keep a constant output voltage.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-LXePRqWzEck/XF01uNUA05I/AAAAAAAAAYw/aANj5Vzsge0_cmVNohdy8O8glOYq1gtpACLcBGAs/s1600/Pass%2Belement%2Bcan%2Bbe%2Ban%2BN-%2Bor%2BP-channel%2BFET%2Bin%2Ba%2BLDO.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="LDO" border="0" data-original-height="312" data-original-width="410" height="303" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-LXePRqWzEck/XF01uNUA05I/AAAAAAAAAYw/aANj5Vzsge0_cmVNohdy8O8glOYq1gtpACLcBGAs/s400/Pass%2Belement%2Bcan%2Bbe%2Ban%2BN-%2Bor%2BP-channel%2BFET%2Bin%2Ba%2BLDO.jpg" title="Pass element can be an N- or P-channel FET in a LDO" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Pass element can be an N- or P-channel FET in a LDO</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h3>
<b><span style="color: orange;">Key LDO Performance Parameters </span></b></h3>
<b>1) Dropout Voltage –</b> It is defined as the difference between the input and output voltages at the point when an additional or more decrease in input voltage causes output voltage regulation to become fail. In the dropout situation, the pass element works in the linear region and acts like a resistor. For the modern LDO, the pass element is normally implemented with PMOS or NMOS FETs, which can attain a dropout voltage as low as 30mV to 500mV.<br />
<br />
<b>2) Load Regulation –</b> It is defined as the output voltage variation for a given load variation. This is normally from no load to full load. It can be expressed by below equation;<br />
<br />
Load regulation = ΔVout/ΔIout = (Vout@noload – Vout@fullload)/(0 – Iout_fullload)<br />
<br />
Load regulation specifies the performance of the pass element and the closed-loop DC gain of the regulator. The higher the closed-loop DC gain, the superior is the load regulation.<br />
<br />
<b>3) Line Regulation –</b> It is the output voltage variation for a given input voltage variation. It can be expressed by below equation;<br />
<br />
Line regulation = ΔVout/ΔVin = (Vout@vin_max – Vout@vin_min)/(Vin_max – Vin_min)<br />
<br />
<b>4) Power Supply Rejection Ratio (PSRR) –</b> It is a sign of the LDO’s capacity to reduce fluctuations in the output voltage produced by the input voltage, as expressed in below equation. While line regulation is only measured at DC, PSRR measured over a wide frequency range.<br />
<br />
PSRR = 20log₁₀(Vin/Vout)<br />
<br />
Consider a conventional closed-loop system, the small-signal output voltage, ͠Vout can be expressed as;<br />
<br />
Vout = {[Gvg/(1 + kv X Gc X Goc)] ͠Vin} + {[(Gc X Goc)/(1 + kv X Gc X Goc)] ͠Vref}<br />
<br />
Where;<br />
<br />
͠Vin = the small signal input voltage<br />
<br />
Gvg = the open-loop transfer function from input to output voltage<br />
<br />
Kv = the output voltage sensing gain<br />
<br />
Gc = the compensator’s transfer function<br />
<br />
Goc = the open-loop transfer function from the control signal to the output voltage<br />
<br />
kv X Gc X Goc = is the closed-loop transfer function, T(s)<br />
<br />
While seeing above two equations of PSRR, it is clear that the PSRR contains the closed-loop gain, T(s), and the inverse of the open-loop transfer function from input to output voltage, 1/Gvg, as shown in below figure. However the closed-loop transfer function controls at lower frequencies, the open-loop transfer function from input to output voltage controls at higher frequencies.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Flja4ldSrmo/XF01_onClsI/AAAAAAAAAY4/_Ic0jPce_C0yFwqkyhQMAgmwwckdmDUBwCLcBGAs/s1600/PSRR%2Bvs%2BFrequency.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="LDO" border="0" data-original-height="295" data-original-width="305" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Flja4ldSrmo/XF01_onClsI/AAAAAAAAAY4/_Ic0jPce_C0yFwqkyhQMAgmwwckdmDUBwCLcBGAs/s1600/PSRR%2Bvs%2BFrequency.jpg" title="PSRR vs Frequency" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">PSRR vs Frequency</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<b>5) Noise –</b> It is normally states to the noise on the output voltage produced by the LDO itself, which is a natural characteristic of the bandgap voltage reference. Second equation of PSRR (see PSRR) expresses the relation of reference voltage to the output voltage. Inappropriately, the closed-loop transfer function is not operative for removal of the noise from the reference voltage to the output voltage. So, most low-noise LDOs require an extra filter to avoid noise from entering the closed-loop. <br />
<br />
<b>6) Transient Response –</b> LDOs are generally used in applications where point-of-load regulation is essential, such as supplying power to digital ICs, FPGAs, DSPs and low-power consuming CPUs. The load in such applications has many modes of operation, which need different supply currents. As a result, the LDO has to react fast to keep the supply voltage within the requisite levels. This makes the transient performance of an LDO one of the critical performance parameters. As in all closed-loop systems, the transient response mostly relies on the bandwidth of the closed-loop transfer function. To attain the best transient response, the closed-loop bandwidth has to be very high while confirming enough phase margin to keep stability.<br />
<br />
<b>7) Quiescent Current –</b> It is also called as ground current. The quiescent current of an LDO is the arrangement of the bias current and the drive current of the pass element, and is usually kept as low as possible. Moreover, when PMOS or NMOS FETs are used as the pass element, the quiescent current is moderately unaffected by the load current. Since the quiescent current doesn’t pass through to the output, it effects the LDO’s efficiency, which can be calculated by below equation;<br />
<br />
Efficiency = (Iout X Vout) / (Iout + Iq) X Vin<br />
<br />
The power dissipation inside the LDO is given by: Vin X (Iq+Iout) – Vout X Iout. To enhance the LDO’s efficiency, both quiescent current and the difference between the input and output voltages must be reduced. The difference between the input and output voltages have a direct effect on efficiency and power dissipation, so the lowest dropout voltage is usually chosen.</div>
<div>
<br />
<h3>
<b><span style="color: orange;">Applications of LDO </span></b></h3>
LDOs are mainly suitable to applications that need an output voltage regulated to somewhat below the input voltage. While buck and boost converters have restrictions on the maximum/minimum duty cycle, their output voltage will lose regulation with an input voltage that is near to the output voltage.<br />
<br />
Even though an LDO cannot supply high efficiency power conversion as compare to a switch mode power supply (SMPS), it is still a essential voltage regulator for many new applications. In noise sensitive applications, it is very hard for an SMPS to attain the essential output ripple to meet a tight noise requirement. Therefore, it is not unusual for an LDO to be adding as an active filter to the output side of a SMPS. For using LDO at output side of the SMPS, please keep in mind that LDO must have high PSRR at the SMPS switching frequency.</div>
<div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<h3>
<b><span style="color: orange;">Conclusion </span></b></h3>
<b>LDO</b> perform a vital function in system power design and supplies power to many IC’s. An <b>LDO</b> is usually supposed as a simple and cheap way to regulate and control an output voltage that is supplied from a higher input voltage supply. Cost and ease are the only reason for their extensive use. To make the best use of an <b>LDO</b>, it is required to know the main performance parameters and their effect on given loads.<br />
<br /></div>
</div>
</div>
Adminhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12743833901137477565noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6408332436287516652.post-25120434194030795542019-01-16T04:24:00.000-08:002019-07-22T06:50:07.132-07:00Linear Voltage Regulator<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div>
<br /></div>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="color: orange;">Voltage Regulator</span></b></h3>
<b>Voltage Regulator</b> takes an input voltage and creates a regulated output voltage irrespective of the input voltage at either a fixed voltage level or adjustable voltage level. In simple words, a voltage regulator is used to regulate voltage level.<br />
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="color: orange;">Types of Voltage Regulators</span></b></h3>
There are mostly two types of voltage regulators: first one is Linear voltage regulators and the second are switching voltage regulators. Here let’s discuss <b>Linear Voltage Regulator</b>;<br />
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="color: orange;">Linear Voltage Regulator</span></b></h3>
A <b>linear voltage regulator</b> delivers a steady output voltage from a more or less steady input voltage source. In normal operation, even if the input voltage varies fast, the output voltage remains steady. This means they can also very efficiently filter out input ripple, not only at the fundamental frequency, but also for fifth or tenth harmonic. The constraint is only the response speed of the internal error amplifier feedback circuit.<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-moS7ZZF1naQ/XD7pOrHY4EI/AAAAAAAAAXg/I9lMTrVyljwPD3qCoaqg_LhsZrqxeRu0QCEwYBhgL/s1600/7805%2BPinout%2BDiagram.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="7805" border="0" data-original-height="372" data-original-width="543" height="219" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-moS7ZZF1naQ/XD7pOrHY4EI/AAAAAAAAAXg/I9lMTrVyljwPD3qCoaqg_LhsZrqxeRu0QCEwYBhgL/s320/7805%2BPinout%2BDiagram.jpg" title="7805 Pinout Diagram" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">7805 Pinout Diagram</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Most linear regulators have a closed loop control for voltage regulation, below figure shows it;<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-wB4w9FF0sT4/XD7pnMZJv4I/AAAAAAAAAXo/U8YbG6uEmWwKUBb2pd40DpruAieYaM_XACLcBGAs/s1600/Linear%2BRegulator%2BBlock%2BDiagram.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Linear Regulator" border="0" data-original-height="335" data-original-width="481" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-wB4w9FF0sT4/XD7pnMZJv4I/AAAAAAAAAXo/U8YbG6uEmWwKUBb2pd40DpruAieYaM_XACLcBGAs/s1600/Linear%2BRegulator%2BBlock%2BDiagram.jpg" title="Linear Regulator Block Diagram" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Linear Regulator Block Diagram</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="color: orange;">Linear Voltage Regulator working</span></b></h3>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>The pass transistor is the regulatory element, efficiently a variable resistor that controls the current flowing from input to output.</li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>The resistor divider Ra/Rb is chosen so that at the required output voltage, the divided down voltage at the error amp inverting input is the same as the Vref voltage at the non-inverting input.</li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>The error amplifier controls its output in a way that the voltage variance between its inputs is always zero.</li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>If the voltage at the output rises due to a drop in the load or an increased input voltage, the voltage at the inverting input of the error amplifier increases higher than Vref voltage and the output of the error amplifier goes negative, so decreasing the drive to the pass transistor and reducing the output voltage. </li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>If the load rises or the input voltage falls, the voltage at the inverting input drops below the Vref voltage and the drive to the transistor is increased to raise the output voltage to compensate.</li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Therefore the same feedback loop controls for both input voltage differences (line regulation) and changes in load (load regulation).</li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>If the output is shorted to ground, the transistor would be turned ON hardly and a very high current would flow from input to output, so a second internal circuit is needed to limit the current.</li>
</ul>
Below figure shows the Linear Regulator with current limiting;<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-iBdTbWw60HU/XD7ymYWGoNI/AAAAAAAAAYU/x5iJi6NMDnUbHbIIbYkKC1Jn1V48TMiLwCLcBGAs/s1600/Linear%2Bregulator%2Bwith%2Bcurrent%2Blimiting.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Linear regulator with current limiting" border="0" data-original-height="331" data-original-width="550" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-iBdTbWw60HU/XD7ymYWGoNI/AAAAAAAAAYU/x5iJi6NMDnUbHbIIbYkKC1Jn1V48TMiLwCLcBGAs/s1600/Linear%2Bregulator%2Bwith%2Bcurrent%2Blimiting.jpg" title="Linear regulator with current limiting" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Linear regulator with current limiting</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>The sense resistor, Rs is used for the current limiting which uses the voltage drop across to monitor the output current. When the current is high enough so that the voltage exceeds 0.7V, transistor Q2 starts to conduct to take current away from transistor Q1, thus decreasing the drive and limiting the output current, thus Ilimit = 0.7V/Rs.</li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>The current limit needs to be set well above the maximum current that would flows during usual process. Normally the limit is 150% - 200% greater than the rated current. As the regulator is not deactivated during a short circuit, it is in constant overload.</li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>The dissimilarity between input and output voltage is dropped by the pass transistor. If the input voltage is 12V and the regulated output voltage is 5V, then 7V has to be dropped by the transistor.</li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>This means more power is dissipated in the regulator ac compare to actually deliver to the load. This is the reason why many linear regulators require a heat sink.</li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>If in the case the input voltage drops below the output voltage, the linear regulator cannot compensate and the output voltage will follow the down input voltage.</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>If the input voltage drops too low, the internal power supply to the error amplifier and Vref will be compromised and output may become unbalanced or start to fluctuate.</li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Linear regulators also execute poorly in stand-by mode. In the case of no load, a usual 78xx series regulator needs around 5mA to power the error amp and its reference voltage circuits.</li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>The advantages of linear regulators are low price, good control features, it has low noise and it has low emissions and outstanding transient response.</li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>The disadvantages are high quiescent consumption and very low efficiency for large input/output voltage changes.</li>
</ul>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="color: orange;">Efficiency of a Linear Voltage Regulator</span></b></h3>
The efficiency of linear regulator is defined by the ratio of the supplied output power Pout to the power consumption Pin.<br />
<br />
η = Pout/Pin <br />
<br />
Where;<br />
Pout = Vout x Iout<br />
Pin = Vin x Iin<br />
Iin = Iout + Iq <br />
<br />
Iq is the quiescent current of the linear regulator which is measured at under no-load conditions. The equation can be rewritten as; <br />
<br />
η = (Vout x Iout) / Vin(Iout + Iq) <br />
<br />
The voltage regulator has to be equipped with a large sufficient heat sink to permit safe operation under the worst-case circumstances of maximum input voltage and maximum output current.<br />
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="color: orange;">Problems with Linear Voltage Regulator</span></b></h3>
Linear regulators have a number of advantages on the one hand, but also have some disadvantages that require special precaution in their use.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-W9PsA9-3XX8/XD7q0TU27tI/AAAAAAAAAX8/z_2aMN5wFTs7o1jPKuoYRhd1XjHm6EGVQCLcBGAs/s1600/Drop%2Bout%2Bproblem%2Bwith%2BLinear%2BRegulator.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Drop out problem with Linear Regulator" border="0" data-original-height="339" data-original-width="827" height="262" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-W9PsA9-3XX8/XD7q0TU27tI/AAAAAAAAAX8/z_2aMN5wFTs7o1jPKuoYRhd1XjHm6EGVQCLcBGAs/s640/Drop%2Bout%2Bproblem%2Bwith%2BLinear%2BRegulator.jpg" title="Drop out problem with Linear Regulator" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Drop out problem with Linear Regulator</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
As stated before, if the voltage difference between input and output is below the required range (typically 2V), then the regulation loop can no longer work correctly. A common application problem arises when a rectified AC input has a high voltage ripple because the smoothing capacitor is too small as shown in below diagram. If the input voltage falls below the fall-out voltage on each half cycle, then the regulated output will show periodic dips at twice the mains frequency. These quick dips will not show up on a multimeter which just measures the normal output voltage, but can cause circuit problems. This effect can be removed by either using bigger smoothing capacitors or increasing the turn’s ratio of the transformer.<br />
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="color: orange;">Linear Voltage Regulator circuit diagram</span></b></h3>
Below circuit diagram shows a type of Voltage Regulator i.e. Linear Voltage Regulator;<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-PbjysILI96k/XD7tfmETD8I/AAAAAAAAAYI/LwvJGMMN-FMEr4c3Axx7mOQei8aRRkC-ACLcBGAs/s1600/Linear%2BVoltage%2BRegulator%2BCircuit%2BDiagram.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Linear Voltage Regulator" border="0" data-original-height="283" data-original-width="766" height="236" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-PbjysILI96k/XD7tfmETD8I/AAAAAAAAAYI/LwvJGMMN-FMEr4c3Axx7mOQei8aRRkC-ACLcBGAs/s640/Linear%2BVoltage%2BRegulator%2BCircuit%2BDiagram.jpg" title="Linear Voltage Regulator Circuit Diagram" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Linear Voltage Regulator Circuit Diagram</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="color: orange;">Application of Linear Voltage Regulator</span></b></h3>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Voltage regulators are found in devices such as computer power supplies where they stabilize the DC voltages used by the processor and other circuit elements. For example, it takes in 90V-240V and provides 12V, 5V, 3.3V, -12V for the system to run and for the laptop the output voltage of the power adapter is about 19-20V.</li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>In automobile alternators and central power station generator plants, a voltage regulator regulates the output of the plant.</li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>In an electric power distribution system, voltage regulators may be mounted at a substation or along supply lines so that all customers get stable voltage independent of how much power is drawn from the line.</li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Mobile phone charger, it takes in 100V-240V (AC/DC) and will give you a stable 5V DC output. If the input voltage stays within the range the output will continually be the same.</li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>We are using micro-controllers everywhere and mostly all micro-controller runs on 5V and a very low current so in most cases a 7805 is placed with them to make sure that the controller runs correctly.</li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Any sensitive electronic device that needs steady input voltage is most of the time supplied by a regulator.</li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>For AC voltage regulator we can use the voltage stabilizer that takes input a somewhat fluctuating voltage and provides a stable AC voltage. These types of regulators are usually used with freezers and televisions.</li>
</ul>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="color: orange;">Conclusion</span></b></h3>
Voltage regulators like Linear Regulator i.e. <b>Linear Voltage Regulator</b> are a great select for powering ON very low powered devices in which the difference between the input and output is small. They are easy to use, simple and cheap, a linear regulator is usually incompetent.<br />
<br /></div>
Adminhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12743833901137477565noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6408332436287516652.post-50320765157834942332019-01-13T05:14:00.001-08:002021-09-03T22:56:55.435-07:00Interleaved Power Factor Correction<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><br />
<span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">Power Factor we can define as the ratio between the useful (true)
power (kW) to the total (apparent) power (kVA)
consumed by a circuit. It is a measurement of how
proficiently electrical power is converted into useful
power which can be further use for output load.</span><br />
<span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><br /></span>
<span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">More on Power Factor you can find in my previous article at below link;</span><br />
<span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">"<span><a href="https://www.powerelectronicstalks.com/2018/09/what-is-power-factor-correction.html" style="background-color: white;" target="_blank">What is Power Factor and Why is it important?</a></span>"</span><br />
<span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><br /></span>
<span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">There are many methods for Power Factor Correction and Interleaved Power Factor Correction is one of them. Other Power Factor Correction methods you can find in my previous article at below link;</span><br />
<span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">"<span><a href="https://www.powerelectronicstalks.com/2018/09/types-of-power-factor-correction.html" style="background-color: white;" target="_blank">Types of Power Factor Correction</a></span>"</span></span></div>
<div>
<h3>
<span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: orange; font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></span></h3>
<h3>
<span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: orange; font-family: georgia;">What is Interleaved Power Factor Correction?</span></span></h3>
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="line-height: 115%;">A usual single-stage PFC controller design on a large inductor and requires extensive filtering to reduce high-frequency ripple. An alternative topology replaces the single PFC boost converter with a two interleaved converters each operating 180° out of phase</span><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="line-height: 115%;">.</span></span></div>
<div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-family: georgia; line-height: 115%;">This interleaved method very much reduces the high-frequency ripple of the input current and as well as the current into the output capacitor of the PFC pre-regulator.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-family: georgia; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-family: georgia; line-height: 115%;">The arrangement of reduced ripple and lower average current in each phase allows use of a smaller inductor size and input – output capacitor as compare to single-phase design. Component size is one of the main reasons for implementing an Interleave PFC design.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast">
<span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div>
<span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-family: georgia; line-height: 115%;">Below figure shows,”Interleaved Transition Mode PFC using UCC28063”;</span></div>
<div>
<span face=""calibri" , "sans-serif"" style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-yxXNg4Bb7C4/Wg1hIE_hPwI/AAAAAAAAIyo/cSR_rC29oVAM7RMrpeL1Cxwlf_ADwnIYACLcBGAs/s1600/Interleaved%2BTransition%2BMode%2BPFC%2Busing%2BUCC28063.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><img alt="Interleaved Transition Mode PFC" border="0" data-original-height="587" data-original-width="1351" height="278" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-yxXNg4Bb7C4/Wg1hIE_hPwI/AAAAAAAAIyo/cSR_rC29oVAM7RMrpeL1Cxwlf_ADwnIYACLcBGAs/s640/Interleaved%2BTransition%2BMode%2BPFC%2Busing%2BUCC28063.JPG" title="Interleaved Transition Mode PFC using UCC28063" width="640" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Interleaved Transition Mode PFC using UCC28063</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="line-height: 115%;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-family: georgia; line-height: 115%;">As we can see in the figure an interleaved PFC consists of a two boost converter sharing the same load capacitor. As we can see in the figure, if we have the same inductance for each boost converter, we can see that the energy stored by this PFC system is doubled.</span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-family: georgia; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-family: georgia; line-height: 115%;">An output power capability of this PFC system is determined by energy stored in the inductor. By an Interleaved PFC with much smaller inductor having lower inductance values for a given power rating, the output power can be generate same like single stage PFC.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">Interleaved PFC arrangement consists of;</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">·</span><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">Two inductors; which is used for energy storage.</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><br /></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">·</span><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">Load balancing controller; which is used to make sure energy should be distributed equally i.e. the load balancing controller balances the variation in inductance values or feedback circuits.</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><br /></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">·</span><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">Feed-Forward controller; which control sudden input voltage changes.</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><br /></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>·</span><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">Voltage error controller; the dc output voltage and corresponding reference are applied to this controller to avoid the load variations so that output voltage should not vary.</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><br /></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">Current error controller; which controls phase and shape of the input current which is the sum of both the inductor current. The output of this controller is PWM which is used to drive MOSFETS.</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><br /></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">Load balance loop; which controls current through both the inductor. It generate corrected PWM term, which is subtracted from first PWM to get the final duty cycle of the first boost converter, and it is added to second PWM to find out the balanced duty cycle of the second boost converter.</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><br /></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="line-height: 115%;">P</span><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">I controller; which controls unbalanced current flowing through two inductors by regulating this error and by adjusting the MOSFETs duty cycles</span>.<span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="line-height: 115%;">Interleaving power converters can lower conduction losses and improves the overall system efficiency.</span><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="line-height: 115%;"><br /></span>
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<span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="color: orange; font-family: georgia;">Conclusion</span></h3>
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<span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-family: georgia;">Two double energy storing capacity of PFC system, "Interleaved Power Factor Correction" is the best method. Also, for high energy application by this method we can reduce the size of Inductor and capacitor.</span></div>
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